Extended Data Fig. 10. Integration of FPM and explainable artificial intelligence/machine learning (xAI/ML) for advancing personalized medicine workflows.

Workflow diagram depicting the sequential process of the FPM and xAI/ML approach for enhancing individualized cancer medicine. Patients are enrolled followed by a biopsy/resection of the tumor sample. Live patient-derived cultures undergo high-throughput ex vivo DST assay in combination with molecular tumor profiling using whole-exome sequencing and whole-transcriptome sequencing. The results of both the DST and molecular profiling are reported to the FPM tumor board (FPMTB) to make informed treatment decisions based on each individual patient’s profile. The xAI/ML platform simultaneously analyzes DST results, molecular profiling data and existing knowledge of drug interactions to provide potential drug combinations tailored to each patient’s specific tumor characteristics, as well as uncovers potential multi-omics biomarkers. The drug combination rankings will also be reported to the FPM tumor board for treatment decision-making. The process will enable the FPMTB to make treatment decisions in a clinically actionable timeframe (less than 2 weeks) for each individual patient. The workflow shows the multidimensional and personalized approach for further development of personalized cancer medicine. Created with BioRender.com.