| True effect |
Clinicians were not personalizing resuscitation in practice. |
| Average effect |
Clinicians were personalizing resuscitation, but the key factors underlying personalization were exerting effects in opposite directions (eg, leading some clinicians to give more fluids and others to give less), resulting in a neutral average effect. |
| Wrong method |
Vignettes were not able to measure personalization. |
| Wrong respondents |
The clinicians we surveyed were not the ones making decisions about personalization in practice (eg, intensive care unit attending physicians were making decisions rather than trainees or internal medicine clinicians); however, this explanation is considered less likely given survey respondents represented clinicians across a range of positions and levels of training. |
| Wrong factors |
Resuscitation was being personalized using other factors, such as dynamic measures of fluid responsiveness. |
