Table 1.
Patient and tumor characteristics for the discovery set at the time of sample collection
| Cases | Controls#1 | Controls#2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 14 | 28 | 14 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Male | 6 (43) | 13 (46) | 7 (50) |
| Female | 8 (57) | 15 (54) | 7 (50) |
| Age (median, IQR) | 52.5 (41.8-60) | 39.5 (28.5-58) | 29.5 (22-38.5) |
| BMI (median, IQR)a | 26 (22.8-32.3) | 26 (23-36) | 23 (20.5-24.5) |
| Collection site, n (%) | |||
| MDACC | 5 (36) | 3 (11) | 1 (7) |
| NIH-NIDDK | 5 (36) | 0 (0) | 1 (7) |
| UMCU | 4 (29) | 25 (89) | 12 (86) |
| PanNET | 13b | 28 | — |
| Prior dpNET surgery, n (%) | 7 (50) | 1 (4) | — |
| Size largest PanNET resected | |||
| ≤20 mm | 2 | — | — |
| >20 mm | 3 | 1 | — |
| N/A (only duodenal/lymph node) | 2 | — | — |
| Size of largest PanNET, n (%) (in situ at sample collection) | 12 (4-29) | 11 (6-23) | — |
| <20 mm | 11 (79) | 26 (93) | — |
| ≥20 mm | 2 (14) | 2 (7) | — |
| Insulinoma, n (%)c | |||
| No | 13 (93) | 27 (96) | 14 (100) |
| Yes | 1 (7) | — | — |
| Suspected | — | 1 (4%) | — |
| Gastrinoma, n (%)d | |||
| No | 4 (29) | 26 (93) | 14 (100) |
| Yes | 7 (50) | — | — |
| Suspected | — | — | — |
| Unknown | 3 (21) | 2 (7) | — |
| Gastrin pg/mL (median, IQR)e | 351 (151-1448) | 75 (55-145) | 57.5 (48.8-80) |
| Other function in PanNETf | 1 (VIP) | 0 | — |
| Liver metastasis, origin, n (%) | |||
| PanNET | 10 (71) | — | — |
| Gastrinoma | 2 (14) | — | — |
| PanNET or gastrinoma | 2 (14) | — | — |
| Liver metastasis, n (%) | |||
| 1 | 6 (43) | — | — |
| 2 or 3 | 3 (21) | — | — |
| More than 3 | 5 (36) | — | — |
| Size largest liver metastasis in mm (median, IQR) | 11 (8.5-14) | — | — |
| Distant metastases outside liver, n (%) | 1 (7) | — | — |
| Systemic or liver-directed therapy, n (%) | — | ||
| None | 10 (71) | 28 (100%) | 14 (100%) |
| Previousg | 3 (21) | — | — |
| On active treatmenth | 1 (7) | — | — |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; dpNET, duodenopancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; IQR, interquartile range; MDACC, MD Anderson Cancer Center; N/A, not applicable; NIH-NIDDK, National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; PanNET, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; UMCU, University Medical Center Utrecht; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.
a BMI data was not available for 10 control subjects.
b One case had total or partial pancreatectomy but presented with dpNET-related liver metastasis at the time of blood collection.
c Insulinoma was defined as a positive supervised fast or symptoms confirmed by low plasma glucose, inappropriate insulin levels, and resolution of symptoms with ingestion of calories, not in a supervised fast setting.
d A gastrinoma diagnosis was made when 1 of the following criteria were met: (1) gastrin >10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) or (2) gastrin >2ULN twice consecutive in the absence of proton pump inhibitor use (no value <2ULN allowed in between) and not followed by 2 consecutive measurements <2ULN without surgery or start of systemic antitumor therapy or (3) gastrin is >5ULN twice consecutive in the presence of proton pump inhibitor use (no value <5ULN allowed in between) and not followed by 2 consecutive measurements <5ULN without surgery or start of systemic antitumor therapy or (4) positive secretin test or (5) there is dpNET or lymph nodes/liver metastases with positive immunohistochemistry for gastrin.
e Gastrin levels closest to sample collection within ± 12 months window (ULN 100 pg/mL). Gastrin levels were not available for 1 out of the 14 cases and 1 out of the 42 control patients.
f Other functioning tumors were defined as a clinical syndrome in conjunction with elevated hormone levels at least 2 times ULN.
g Three cases were previously treated; 1 was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and somatostatin analogues 1.2 years prior to blood draw, 1 with Yttrium embolization of liver metastases 7 years prior to blood draw, and 1 with chemotherapy 12 years before sample collection and somatostatin analogue up until 9 years before sample collection. None of these 3 cases were on active treatment at the time of blood draw.
h One case was on active treatment with somatostatin analogues.