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. 2023 Aug 29;109(2):483–497. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad510

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Study design and sex hormone–related covariates in the Women's Interagency HIV study (WIHS). (A) Overview of sample size and study design. (B) Schematic representation of steroidogenesis (35), displaying in color the hormones measured. Abbreviations: 3α-diol-3G: androstane-3α,17β-diol 3-glucuronide; 3β-diol: 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol; 4-dione: androstenedione; 5-diol: androst-5-enediol; ADT: androsterone; ADT-G: ADT-glucuronide; CYP: cytochrome P450; DHEA: dehydroepiandrosterone; DHEA-S: DHEA-sulfate; DHT: dihydrotestosterone; E1: estrone; E1-S: E1-sulfate; E2: estradiol; HSD: hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; P5: pregnenolone; red: reductase; SULT: sulfotransferase; UGT: uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase. (C) Univariate linear regressions were used to determine the associations of demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics (predictors) with inverse-normal transformed hormone outcomes. P values are from likelihood ratio tests comparing to a null model. Labeled hormone associations indicate an FDR-adjusted P value < 0.05.