Table 1.
Characteristics of participants with sex hormone and stool microbiome data in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)
| All (n = 197) | HIV + (n = 159) | HIV- (n = 38) | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, median [IQR] | 58.00 [54.00, 61.00] | 57.00 [54.00, 60.00] | 58.00 [55.25, 63.00] | .127 |
| Study site, n (%) | .004 | |||
| Bronx | 92 (46.7) | 68 (42.8) | 24 (63.2) | |
| Brooklyn | 61 (31.0) | 48 (30.2) | 13 (34.2) | |
| Chicago | 44 (22.3) | 43 (27.0) | 1 (2.6) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | .466 | |||
| Black non-Hispanic | 134 (68.0) | 105 (66.0) | 29 (76.3) | |
| White non-Hispanic or other | 19 (9.6) | 16 (10.1) | 3 (7.9) | |
| Hispanic | 44 (22.3) | 38 (23.9) | 6 (15.8) | |
| Not born in 50 U.S. states or DC, n (%) | 38 (19.3) | 32 (20.1) | 6 (15.8) | .704 |
| Annual income, n (%) | .696 | |||
| $12 000 or less | 120 (60.9) | 96 (60.4) | 24 (63.2) | |
| $12 001-$24 000 | 42 (21.3) | 33 (20.8) | 9 (23.7) | |
| $24 001 or more | 35 (17.8) | 30 (18.9) | 5 (13.2) | |
| Educational attainment, n (%) | .196 | |||
| Less than high school | 82 (41.6) | 63 (39.6) | 19 (50.0) | |
| Completed high school | 55 (27.9) | 43 (27.0) | 12 (31.6) | |
| Any college | 60 (30.5) | 53 (33.3) | 7 (18.4) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | .075 | |||
| Never smoker | 37 (18.8) | 33 (20.8) | 4 (10.5) | |
| Current smoker | 69 (35.0) | 50 (31.4) | 19 (50.0) | |
| Former smoker | 91 (46.2) | 76 (47.8) | 15 (39.5) | |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | .289 | |||
| Abstainer | 112 (56.9) | 90 (56.6) | 22 (57.9) | |
| >0-7 drinks/wk | 70 (35.5) | 59 (37.1) | 11 (28.9) | |
| >7 drinks/wk | 15 (7.6) | 10 (6.3) | 5 (13.2) | |
| Illicit drug use, n (%) | 45 (22.8) | 33 (20.8) | 12 (31.6) | .225 |
| Hepatitis C virus serostatus, n (%) | 63 (32.0) | 51 (32.1) | 12 (31.6) | >.99 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL, median [IQR] | 4.20 [4.02, 4.40] | 4.20 [4.02, 4.40] | 4.21 [4.07, 4.40] | .762 |
| Estimated GFR, mL/min/1.73 m2, median [IQR] | 76.34 [60.08, 92.23] | 74.45 [59.96, 90.26] | 84.96 [63.36, 94.48] | .252 |
| Serum aspartate aminotransferase, IU/L, median [IQR] | 19.00 [16.00, 26.00] | 20.00 [16.00, 26.00] | 17.00 [15.00, 24.50] | .014 |
| Serum alanine aminotransferase, IU/L, median [IQR] | 17.00 [12.00, 22.00] | 17.00 [13.00, 22.50] | 14.00 [12.00, 18.75] | .051 |
| Serum γ-glutamyl transferase, U/L, median [IQR] | 26.00 [18.00, 42.00] | 26.00 [18.00, 38.00] | 30.00 [16.25, 47.75] | .441 |
| Waist circumference, cm, median [IQR] | 99.20 [89.00, 109.50] | 98.90 [90.05, 109.80] | 100.70 [87.05, 108.13] | .767 |
| BMI, kg/m2, median [IQR] | 29.10 [25.40, 35.10] | 29.10 [25.40, 35.05] | 29.45 [24.95, 35.20] | .955 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL, median [IQR] | 94.00 [87.00, 106.00] | 94.00 [86.00, 106.50] | 97.00 [90.00, 105.50] | .250 |
| Hemoglobin A1c, %, median [IQR] | 5.70 [5.30, 6.10] | 5.60 [5.30, 6.10] | 5.75 [5.50, 6.25] | .213 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, median [IQR] | 187.00 [166.00, 221.00] | 188.00 [166.50, 222.00] | 182.00 [161.25, 215.25] | .753 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL, median [IQR] | 112.00 [82.00, 158.00] | 112.00 [82.50, 149.50] | 115.50 [77.00, 186.25] | .555 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL, median [IQR] | 58.00 [47.00, 70.00] | 58.00 [47.00, 71.50] | 57.50 [48.00, 69.00] | .924 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median [IQR] | 130.00 [115.00, 144.00] | 128.00 [115.00, 143.00] | 136.50 [127.25, 149.25] | .024 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, median [IQR] | 77.00 [71.00, 84.00] | 77.00 [71.50, 84.50] | 77.00 [70.25, 83.50] | .827 |
| Use of diabetes medication, n (%) | 44 (22.3) | 34 (21.4) | 10 (26.3) | .661 |
| Use of lipid-lowering medication, n (%) | 54 (27.4) | 39 (24.5) | 15 (39.5) | .098 |
| Use of hypertension medication, n (%) | 110 (55.8) | 84 (52.8) | 26 (68.4) | .119 |
| HIV viral load, copies/mL, median [IQR] | 1.00 [1.00, 20.00] | |||
| CD4+ cell count, cells/mm3, median [IQR] | 631.00 [463.50, 848.00] | |||
| Antiretroviral therapy, n (%) | 156 (98.1) | |||
| Antiretroviral therapy regimenb, n (%) | ||||
| None | 3 (1.9) | |||
| PI-based | 30 (18.9) | |||
| NNRTI-based | 40 (25.2) | |||
| NRTI-based | 22 (13.8) | |||
| Other | 64 (40.3) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range.
a P value comparing HIV+ and HIV- groups from Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and Chi-square test or Fisher exact test for categorical variables.
b Protease inhibitor (PI)-based: at least 1 PI and 1 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI); nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based: at least 1 NNRTI and 1 NRTI; NRTI-based: 3 or more NRTIs; “Other” includes women on both PI and NNRTI, no NRTI, or < 3 NRTIs with no PI/NNRTI.