. 2024 Jan 24;20(4):3000–3020. doi: 10.1002/alz.13612

TABLE 2.

Anti‐dementia, psychotropic, and other medication use (n = 26).

Author, Year	Study design, data source if specified	Total sample (N), Racial/ethnic populations	Results
Kalkonde et al., ³³ 2009	Cross‐sectional, Veterans Affairs medical clinic chart data, 2004–2005	N = 410 Caucasian: n = 265 African American: n = 109 Hispanic: n = 34 Other ethnic groups: n = 2	Cholinesterase inhibitors (CHEIs) used: Non‐African American > African American; Caucasian > African American
Lind et al., ³⁸ 2018	Longitudinal, Cost and Use Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 2003–2013	N = 4304 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 5586 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 750 Hispanic: n = 530 Other: n = 359 (Note: racial/ethnic group n’s reported in person years)	Anti‐dementia medication use: White > Ethnoracial minorities
Mehta et al., ³⁹ 2005	Cross‐sectional, Minimum Uniform Dataset from Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers of California, 1999–2003	N = 2573 African American: n = 6% Asian: n = 7% Latino: n = 14% Other ethnicity: n = 2% White: n = 71%	CHEIs use: White > Minority (African American, Asian, Latino)
Giebel et al., ⁴⁰ 2020	Longitudinal, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, 2005–2019	N = 15,742 White: n = 82.4% Minority: n = 17.6%	Anti‐dementia medication use: White > Minority ethnic backgrounds
Lerner et al., ⁴¹ 2008	Cross‐sectional	N = 117 White: n = 94 African American: n = 23	Memantine use: White > African American
McClendon et al., ⁴² 2009	Cross‐sectional, Uniform Data Set from National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, 2005–2007	Total N = 2512 N with Alzheimer's disease = 877 Hispanic/Latino: n = 7% Non‐Hispanic White: n = 80% Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 10% N with other dementia = 219 Hispanic/Latino: n = 4% Non‐Hispanic White: n = 86% Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 7%	Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) use: Non‐Hispanic White > Non‐Hispanic Black Memantine use: Non‐Hispanic White > Non‐Hispanic Black
Barthold et al., ⁴³ 2020	Longitudinal, random 20% sample of Medicare beneficiaries, 2008–2016	N = 721,878 White: n = 600,358 Black: n = 57,412 Hispanic: n = 44,082 Asian: n = 20,026	Anti‐dementia drug use: White > Black, Asian, Hispanic
Hernandez et al., ⁴⁴ 2010	Cross‐sectional, Uniform Data Set from National Alzheimer Coordinating Center, 2005–2007	N = 3049 White: n = 77.63% Black: n = 14.56% Non‐Black Hispanic: n = 7.81%	AChEIs use: Non‐Hispanic White > Black Memantine use: Non‐Hispanic White > Black, Non‐Black Hispanic
Zuckerman et al., ⁴⁵ 2008	Longitudinal, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 2001–2003	N = 1120 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 855 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 131 Hispanic: n = 91 Other: n = 43	Anti‐dementia medication use: Non‐Hispanic White > Other racial/ethnic groups
Poon et al., ⁴⁶ 2009	Longitudinal, the Veterans Health Administration: the Patient Treatment Files and the Pharmacy Benefit Management, 2000–2005	N = 56,561 White: n = 70.5% African American: n = 15.6% Hispanic: n = 6.6% Other races: n = 0.5% Unknown: n = 6.8%	AChEIs and anti‐dementia medication use: White > African American Angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: White > African American; Hispanic > White Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs): White > African American and Hispanic β‐blockers: White > African American and Hispanic Non‐dihydropyridine calcium‐channel blocker (CCB), loop diuretic, α‐agonist, or potassium‐sparing diuretic (PSD): White > Hispanic Medication adherence rates in all classes except for ARBs, loop diuretics, and PSDs: White > African American Medication adherence rates dihydropyridine CCBs and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: White > Hispanic
Sano et al., ⁴⁷ 2005	Cross‐sectional, baseline data of phase 4 study of patients with mild to moderate AD, 2001	N = 2114, Patient: N = 2105 White: n = 1807 Black: n = 143 Hispanic: n = 131 Asian n = 18 Other: n = 6	AChEIs use: White > Other ethnic groups
Zhu et al., ⁴⁸ 2022	Longitudinal, Uniform Data Set from National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, 2005–2020	N = 3276 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 2454 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 532 Hispanic: n = 290	Anti‐dementia medication use: White > Black, Hispanic Persistently treated with AChEIs and memantine: White > Black, Hispanic
Thorpe et al., ⁴⁹ 2016	Longitudinal, Medicare enrollment, Part A and B, medical claims, and Part D prescription data for a 10% national sample of Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries, 2009–2010	N = 84,043 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 66,806 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 9781 Hispanic: n = 7456	Anti‐dementia medication use: Hispanic > White Anti‐dementia medication discontinuation: Hispanic, Black > White
Gilligan et al., ⁵⁰ 2012	Cross‐sectional, Medicaid Analytic extract file from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2004	N = 158,974 White: n = 88,529 Black: n = 16,180 Hispanic: n = 21,483 Other: n = 10,649 Unknown: n = 22,133	Anti‐dementia use: Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White; Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic Black; Non‐Hispanic Other > Non‐Hispanic Black; Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic Other Anti‐dementia use: Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White in Florida; Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic Black in California and Florida; Non‐Hispanic Other > Non‐Hispanic Black in California and New York; Non‐Hispanic Other > Hispanic in California and New York
Perryman et al., ⁵¹ 2009	Longitudinal, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey Cost and Use Files, 2000–2002	Y2000: N = 347, Y2001: N = 367, Y2002: N = 412 N by Year, 2000, 2001, 2002 Caucasian: n = 278, 291, 328 African American: n = 50, 52, 57 Hispanic: n = 9, 10, 12	Aricept use: Black, Hispanic > White; Hispanic > Black
Xiong et al., ⁵² 2015	Cross‐sectional, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, 2008–2014	N = 8919 African American: n = 983 Hispanic: n = 849 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 7,087	Anti‐psychotic use: Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White
Filshtein et al., ⁵³ 2016	Cross‐sectional, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, 2008–2014	N = 4741 Black: n = 401 Hispanic: n = 337 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 3389	Anti‐psychotic use: Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White
Hsieh et al., ⁵⁴ 2021	Cross‐sectional, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 2015–2017	N = 4,953,945 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 78.66% Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 9.67% Hispanic: n = 7.22% Other: n = 4.45%	Anti‐psychotic use: Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White
Grace et al., ⁵⁵ 2018	Cross‐sectional, baseline data of the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health II	N = 543 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 198 African American: n = 176 Hispanic/Latino: n = 169	Anxiolytic use: African American > Non‐Hispanic White Anti‐psychotic use: Non‐Hispanic White > Hispanic/Latino
Rivera‐Hernandez et al., ⁵⁶ 2022	Cross‐sectional, Residential History File, Medicare Beneficiary Summary File, Minimum Data Set, Certification and Survey Provider Enhanced Reports and the Long‐term Care: Facts on Care in the US, 2007	N = 1,005,781 White: n = 78% Black: n = 13% Hispanic: n = 6% Asian/Pacific Islander: n = 2% American Indian/Alaska Native: n = 0.4%	Anti‐depressant use: White > Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, Black Anti‐psychotic medications use: White, Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native > Black, Asian/Pacific Islander
Nili et al., ⁵⁷ 2020	Cross‐sectional, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey and Medicare claims, 2006–2013	N = 2570 White: n = 1932 Latino: n = 209 Other race: n = 429	Receipt of low‐value care anti‐psychotic medication: Hispanic or Non‐Hispanic White > Other race
Thorpe et al., ⁵⁸ 2012	Cross‐sectional, baseline data of the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver's Health	N = 566 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 380 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 96 Hispanic: n = 90	Potentially inappropriate medication use: Hispanic > White
Schultz et al., ⁵⁹ 2017	Cross‐sectional, electronic health records, 2006–2010	N = 304 Caucasian: n = 101 Chinese: n = 26 Filipino: n = 21 Hawaiian: n = 28 Japanese: n = 92 Korean: n = 17	Anti‐cholinergics prescribed with anti‐dementia medications: Native Hawaiian or Caucasian > Asian
Poon et al., ⁶⁰ 2010	Cross‐sectional, medical chart review, 2003–2004	N = 304 Caucasian: n = 190 African American: n = 114	Concurrent anti‐hypertensive medications, use of thiazide diuretics, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, and clonidine: African American > Caucasian
Browning et al., ⁶¹ 2022	Cross‐sectional, Medicare data linked to the Area Health Resources Files, 2015–2017	N = 623,400 White: n = 75.75% Black: n = 10.40% Hispanic: n = 8.63% Asian: n = 3.63% Other: n = 1.58%	Likelihood of non‐adherence to hyperlipidemia medications (statins): Black and Hispanic > White
Browning et al., ⁶² 2022	Cross‐sectional, Medicare claims linked to the Master Beneficiary Summary File and Area Health Resource Files, 2013–2014 and 2016–2017	N = 381,485 White: n = 306,817 Black: n = 35,981 Hispanic: n = 22,532 Asian/Pacific Islander: n = 11,081 Other: n = 5074	Enrolled in Medication Therapy Management programs: Hispanic, Asian > White; White > Black