TABLE 3.

Health service use (n = 11).

Author, Year	Study design	Total sample (N), Racial/ethnic populations	Results
Gilligan et al., 63 2013	Cross‐sectional, the Medicaid analytic extract file from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2004	N = 158,974 California (N = 53,013): White: n = 25,935 Black: n = 4006 Hispanic: n = 7574 Other: n = 8503 Unknown: n = 6995 Florida (N = 41,292): White: n = 21,830 Black: n = 4542 Hispanic: n = 10,526 Other: n = 182 Unknown: n = 4212 New Jersey (N = 20,910): White: n = 13,458 Black: n = 2930 Hispanic: n = 1457 Other: n = 167 Unknown: n = 2898 New York (N = 43,759): White: n = 27,306 Black: n = 4702 Hispanic: n = 1926 Other: n = 1797 Unknown: n = 8028	Costs (inpatient care and long‐term care): Black > White, Hispanic, Other; White, Hispanic > Other
Hermosura et al., 64 2020	Cross‐sectional, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, Hawaii State Inpatient Databases, 2010–2014	N = 10,645 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 6926 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI): n = 3719	Hospital length of stay: Non‐Hispanic White > NHOPI Readmitted within the same month or the month after: NHOPI > Non‐Hispanic White
Ornstein et al., 65 2018	Longitudinal, Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project linked to Medicare claims, 1999–2010	Total N = 4604 Full sample at dementia diagnosis: N = 186 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 37 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 47 Hispanic: n = 102 Decedent sample with dementia: N = 86 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 26 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 23 Hispanic: n = 37	Hospital admissions after diagnosis: Non‐Hispanic Black > Non‐Hispanic White Medicare expenditures from diagnosis to death: Non‐Hispanic Black > Non‐Hispanic White
Gorges et al., 66 2019	Cross‐sectional, National Medicaid Analytic eXtract linked with Medicare claims, Master Beneficiary Summary Files for demographics and Medicare Provider Analysis and Review for hospitalizations, 2012	Total N = 1,659,645 elderly, dual‐eligible long‐term care users N with dementia = 51.7% Of total sample of elderly, dual‐eligible long‐term care users: Non‐Hispanic White: n = 57.3% Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 19% Hispanic: n = 14.8% Asian: n = 9%	Hospital admission (including avoidable hospitalization): Non‐Hispanic Black > Other Races (Non‐Hispanic White, Hispanic, Asian) Home‐ and community‐based long‐term care services (HCBS) expenditures: Non‐Hispanic White > Other Races Hospital expenditures: Non‐Hispanic Black, Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White Total expenditures: Non‐Hispanic White > Other races
Husaini et al., 67 2003	Longitudinal, Tennessee Medicare claims, 1991–1993	Total N = 33,688 N with dementia = 1366 White: n = 1186 African American: n = 180	Hospitalization length: African American > White Health service use (use of inpatient and emergency services), healthcare costs: African American > White
Husaini et al., 68 2015	Cross‐sectional, Tennessee Hospital Discharged database, 2008	Total N = 154,945 N with dementia = 5,556 White: n = 4847 Black: n = 709	Readmissions and hospital stay: Black > White Costs of hospital care: Black > White
Chen et al., 69 2021	Cross‐sectional, Healthcare Cost & Utilization Project with American Hospital Association Annual Survey, 2015	N = 14,135 White: n = 10,733 African American: n = 1651 Latinx: n = 1751	Potentially preventable hospitalization (PPH) for a chronic condition: African American, Latinx > White
Pereira et al., 70 2022	Cross‐sectional, data collected using the Care Ecosystem Program, 2019–2020	N = 133 dyads White: n = 87 Black: n = 46	Emergency department and ambulance use: Black > White Non‐emergency hospitalization: White > Black
Miller et al., 71 2010	Longitudinal, Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness—AD at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months	N = 421 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 79% Black: n = 18%* Other: n = 3%*	Outpatient costs: Non‐Hispanic White > Other races
Miller et al., 72 2009	Longitudinal, Clinical Antipsychotic Trial of Intervention Effectiveness—AD at baseline and 3, 6, and 9 months	N = 421 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 79% Black: n = 18%* Other: n = 3%* *pull information from another article (“Effectiveness of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease” by Schneider et al.)	Health utilities (health service, outpatient services, AD‐related services): Non‐Hispanic White > Other races
Park et al., 73 2020	Cross‐sectional, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, 1996–2017	N without cognitive deficit = 57,057 N with cognitive deficits without AD/ADRD = 10,088 N with AD/ADRD = 3,420 White: n = 2028 Black: n = 693 Asian: n = 120 Latino: n = 579	Out of pocket expenditures: White > Black, Asian, Latino Prescription drug expenditures: White > Black Outpatient expenditures: White > Asian Emergency room expenditures: White > Asian

Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADRD, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.