. 2024 Jan 24;20(4):3000–3020. doi: 10.1002/alz.13612

TABLE 5.

End‐of‐life care (n = 16).

Author, Year	Study design	Total sample (N), Racial/ethnic populations	Results
Braun et al., ⁷⁷ 2005	Longitudinal, three national Veterans Affairs databases: patient treatment file, outpatient clinic, file and the Beneficiary Identification Record Locator Subsystem, 1990–2001	N = 413,627 White: n = 316,893 African American: n = 76,181 Hispanic: n = 14,007 Other: n = 2844 Unknown/missing: n = 3702	Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement: African American > White
Owen et al., ⁷⁸ 2001	Cross‐sectional	N = 63 White caregivers: n = 47 African American caregivers: n = 16	Made life‐sustaining treatment decisions prior to relative's death: White > African American
Meier et al., ⁷⁹ 2001	Longitudinal	N = 99 Black: n = 39 White: n = 36 Hispanic: n = 22 Asian: n = 2	Received new feeding tube (FT) during hospitalization: African American > White
Mitchell et al., ⁸⁰ 2016	Longitudinal, Minimum Data Set, 2000–2015	N = 71,251 White: n = 85.6% Black: n = 9.5%	Likelihood of receiving FT: Black > White
Sharma et al., ⁸¹ 2020	Longitudinal, Medicare Beneficiary Enrollment File, Minimum Data Set, and Medicare Claims, 2001–2014	N = 289,017 2001–2002 White: n = 38,450 Black: n = 10,712 2005–2006 White: n = 36,374 Black: n = 10,466 2009–2010 White: n = 23,696 Black: n = 6722 2013–2014 White: n = 20,277 Black: n = 6394	Likelihood of receiving FT while hospitalized: Black > White Multiple hospital stays: Black > White Admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) during their hospitalization: Black > White
Shepard et al., ⁸² 2021	Longitudinal, Texas Medicare beneficiaries from Medicare claims and Long‐term Care Minimum Data Set, 2011–2016	N = 20,582 Only reported for 2016: Non‐Hispanic White: w/ FT, n = 186 w/o FT, n = 2709 Non‐Hispanic Black: w/FT, n = 138 w/o FT, n = 408 Hispanic: w/ FT, n = 210 w/o FT, n = 769 Other: w/ FT, n = 42 w/o FT, n = 113	Likelihood of receiving FT in nursing home: Non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White
Henao et al., ⁸³ 2022	Cross‐sectional, Epic data from Novant Health, 2015–2018	N = 21,939 Black: n = 4138 White: n = 17,801	Likelihood of PEG tube insertion when hospitalized: Black > White
Kim et al., ⁸⁴ 2021	Cross‐sectional, National Hospital Discharge Survey, 2006–2010	Parkinson's disease and related disorders (PDRD): N = 2,862,778 White: n = 72% Black: n = 4.4% Asian: n = 0.9% Other minority group: n = 1.4% Not stated: n = 21.3% Non‐Parkinsonian dementia (NPD): N = 4,135,180 White: n = 67.2% Black: n = 9.5% Asian: n = 0.6%, Other minority group: n = 1.6% Not stated: n = 21.1%	In the NPD, likelihood of receiving gastrostomy tube placement: Black > White; White > Asian
Luth et al., ⁸⁵ 2022	Cross‐sectional, administrative claims data for Medicare fee‐for‐service, 2016–2018	Total N = 463,590 N with dementia = 234,737: Non‐Hispanic White: n = 197,539 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 19,874 Hispanic: n = 10,258 Asian/Pacific Islander: n = 4361 Other: n = 2705	Receive intensive end‐of‐life (EOL) care (resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, intubation, feeding tube insertion, or new dialysis): Racial/ethnic minoritized groups > Non‐Hispanic White
Jia et al., ⁸⁶ 2022	Longitudinal, Medicare fee‐for‐service, 2000–2017	Medicare fee‐for‐service decedents with dementia: N = 2,170,759 No IMV: White: n = 13.3% Asian: n = 11.8% IMV: White: n = 4.0% Asian: n = 4.4% Medicare Advantage decedents with dementia: N = 282,037 No IMV: White: n = 18.5% Asian: n = 18.9% IMV: White: n = 5.2% Asian: n = 5.7%	Hospice enrollment: White > Asian Receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) when hospitalized at the EOL: Asian > White ICU admission: Asian > White
Austin et al., ⁸⁷ 2019	Cross‐sectional, National Sample of White and Black fee‐for‐service Medicare patients, 2013–2015	N = 389,922 Black: n = 61,708 White: n = 328,214	Likelihood of ICU admission last 6 months of life, ventilator use: Black > White Hospice care use: White > Black
Temkin‐Greener et al., ⁸⁸ 2021	Cross‐sectional, Minimum Data Set, Medicare Beneficiary Summary Files, Medicare Provider Analysis and Review, Nursing Home Compare, 2014–2017	N = 665,033 White: n = 598,502 Black: n = 66,531	Risk of EOL hospitalizations: Black > White
Lin et al., ⁸⁹ 2022	Cross‐sectional, Health and Retirement Study Linked Medicare & Medicaid data, 2000–2016	N = 5058 Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 809 Hispanic: n = 357 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 3892	Hospice use: Non‐Hispanic White > Non‐Hispanic Black Inpatient expenditures at the EOL: Non‐Hispanic Black, Hispanic > White Emergency department and hospital use among hospice patients: Non‐Hispanic Black, Hispanic > White Advance care planning: White > Non‐Hispanic Black, Hispanic
Oud, ⁹⁰ 2017	Cross‐sectional, Texas Inpatient Public Use Data File, 2001–2010	N = 889,008 White: n = 590,806 Hispanic: n = 141,202 Black: n = 107,746 Other: n = 47,502 Missing: n = 2035	Hospice use: White > Non‐White race
Luth et al., ⁹¹ 2020	Cross‐sectional, Electronic Health Records from large not‐for‐profit hospice agency in New York City, 2013–2017	N = 2629 African American: n = 16% Hispanic: n = 20% Other race/ethnicity: n = 9% Non‐Hispanic White: n = 55%	Likelihood of live discharge from hospice: African American and Hispanic > Non‐Hispanic White
Luth et al., ⁹² 2018	Cross‐sectional, National Health and Aging Trends Survey, 2011–2016	N = 1588 Non‐Hispanic White: n = 72% Non‐Hispanic Black: n = 23% Hispanic: n = 5%	Reported poor EOL care: Non‐Hispanic White > Non‐Hispanic Black