Table 1.
Ecosystem service flows quantified and valued by the Natural Environment Valuation (NEV) model suite.
| environmental system | environmental outcome | ecosystem service value |
|---|---|---|
| terrestrial | food yield from farmland (tonnes of each product) | net returns from food production |
| wood product yield from woodland (m3 timber) | net returns from timber production | |
| hay yield from semi-natural grassland (tonnes dry matter) | net returns from hay production | |
| woodland recreational site (hectares) | value of outdoor recreation activity | |
| semi-natural grassland recreational site (hectares) | value of outdoor recreation activity | |
| atmospheric | emissions from farming (tonnes CO2e) | value of carbon sequestration |
| emissions from displaced food production (tonnes CO2e) | cost of carbon emissions | |
| carbon stored in soils (tonnes CO2e) | value of carbon sequestration | |
| carbon stored in trees and wood products (tonnes CO2e) | value of carbon sequestration | |
| hydrological | nutrient concentrations (micrograms/litre) | nutrient treatment costs at water supply plants |
| reduction in peak flow (litres/day) | mitigation of risks of property damage from flooding | |
| ecological status (WFD classification) | recreational value of improvements in river ecological status | |
| ecological status (WFD classification) | non-use value from improvements in river ecological status | |
| biotic community | pollinator species occurrence (species richness index) | value of yield from insect-pollinated crops |
| pollinator species occurrence (species richness index) | aesthetic value of insect-pollinated wild flowers | |
| pollinator and priority species occurrence (species group prevalence) | — |