Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study subjects.
| Variables | Total (n = 9,820) | Non-periodontitis (N = 6,288) | Periodontitis (N = 3,532) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, Mean ± S. E | 50.95 ± 0.26 | 50.61 ± 0.29 | 51.80 ± 0.41 | 0.009 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Female | 4,967 (51.09) | 3,591 (56.01) | 1,376 (39.03) | |
| Male | 4,853 (48.91) | 2,697 (43.99) | 2,156 (60.97) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| White | 4,348 (69.14) | 3,161 (74.64) | 1,187 (55.67) | |
| Black | 2004 (10.46) | 1,071 (7.94) | 933 (16.64) | |
| Others | 3,468 (20.40) | 2056 (17.42) | 1,412 (27.69) | |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Less than high school | 2,212 (14.73) | 1,081 (10.77) | 1,131 (24.44) | |
| High school or above | 7,608 (85.27) | 5,207 (89.23) | 2,401 (75.56) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married & Living with partner | 6,400 (68.79) | 4,201 (71.09) | 2,199 (63.15) | |
| Never married &Divorced &Separated &Widowed | 3,420 (31.21) | 2087 (28.91) | 1,333 (36.85) | |
| PIR, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <1 | 1,688 (11.12) | 875 (8.47) | 813 (17.60) | |
| ≥1 | 7,360 (82.70) | 4,975 (86.02) | 2,385 (74.57) | |
| Unknown | 772 (6.18) | 438 (5.51) | 334 (7.83) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoked | 5,519 (55.98) | 3,828 (60.42) | 1,691 (45.10) | |
| Former smoker | 2,481 (26.67) | 1,600 (26.90) | 881 (26.09) | |
| Current smoker | 1820 (17.36) | 860 (12.68) | 960 (28.80) | |
| Drinking status, n (%) | 0.004 | |||
| Never drinker | 2,418 (19.35) | 1,608 (19.74) | 810 (18.39) | |
| Moderate drinker | 879 (9.50) | 558 (9.88) | 321 (8.58) | |
| Heavy drinker | 4,893 (57.12) | 3,164 (57.59) | 1729 (55.95) | |
| Unknown | 1,630 (14.03) | 958 (12.79) | 672 (17.08) | |
| Physical activity, MET· min/week, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| <450 | 3,510 (32.26) | 2,221 (31.20) | 1,289 (34.87) | |
| ≥450 | 6,310 (67.74) | 4,067 (68.80) | 2,243 (65.13) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 4,106 (44.71) | 2,782 (46.86) | 1,324 (39.43) | |
| Yes | 5,714 (55.29) | 3,506 (53.14) | 2,208 (60.57) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 7,973 (85.84) | 5,239 (87.67) | 2,734 (81.37) | |
| Yes | 1847 (14.16) | 1,049 (12.33) | 798 (18.63) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 0.710 | |||
| No | 2,530 (25.54) | 1,644 (25.69) | 886 (25.18) | |
| Yes | 7,290 (74.46) | 4,644 (74.31) | 2,646 (74.82) | |
| CVD, n (%) | 0.156 | |||
| No | 7,943 (83.45) | 5,096 (83.89) | 2,847 (82.39) | |
| Yes | 1877 (16.55) | 1,192 (16.11) | 685 (17.61) | |
| Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, n (%) | 0.295 | |||
| No | 8,569 (87.71) | 5,465 (87.99) | 3,104 (87.03) | |
| Yes | 1,251 (12.29) | 823 (12.01) | 428 (12.97) | |
| Anti-infectives, n (%) | 0.032 | |||
| No | 9,368 (94.87) | 5,965 (94.47) | 3,403 (95.85) | |
| Yes | 452 (5.13) | 323 (5.53) | 129 (4.15) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <25 | 2,593 (27.20) | 1757 (28.55) | 836 (23.89) | |
| 25–30 | 3,393 (35.28) | 2,181 (35.61) | 1,212 (34.46) | |
| ≥30 | 3,834 (37.52) | 2,350 (35.84) | 1,484 (41.66) | |
| Serum vitamin D, nmol/L, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <50 | 2,908 (22.39) | 1,608 (18.63) | 1,300 (31.60) | |
| ≥50 | 6,912 (77.61) | 4,680 (81.37) | 2,232 (68.40) | |
| WBC, 1000 cells/uL, Mean ± S. E | 7.13 ± 0.04 | 6.97 ± 0.04 | 7.52 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Decayed teeth, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 6,822 (75.47) | 4,860 (81.97) | 1962 (59.56) | |
| Yes | 2,998 (24.53) | 1,428 (18.03) | 1,570 (40.44) | |
| Dental floss, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 3,130 (27.34) | 1,665 (23.19) | 1,465 (37.51) | |
| Yes | 6,690 (72.66) | 4,623 (76.81) | 2067 (62.49) | |
| Total energy, kcal/day, Mean ± S. E | 2158.68 ± 14.42 | 2127.75 ± 15.90 | 2234.46 ± 24.92 | <0.001 |
| Total sugars, g/day, Mean ± S. E | 112.34 ± 1.18 | 110.53 ± 1.51 | 116.77 ± 1.49 | 0.003 |
| Vitamin A, μg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <528.00 | 5,298 (49.96) | 3,240 (47.74) | 2058 (55.38) | |
| ≥528.00 | 4,522 (50.04) | 3,048 (52.26) | 1,474 (44.62) | |
| Vitamin B1, μg, n (%) | 0.005 | |||
| <1884.00 | 5,343 (49.99) | 3,366 (48.89) | 1977 (52.70) | |
| ≥1884.00 | 4,477 (50.01) | 2,922 (51.11) | 1,555 (47.30) | |
| Vitamin B2, μg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <2464.00 | 5,582 (49.97) | 3,446 (48.19) | 2,136 (54.33) | |
| ≥2464.00 | 4,238 (50.03) | 2,842 (51.81) | 1,396 (45.67) | |
| Vitamin B6, μg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <2455.00 | 5,340 (49.99) | 3,293 (47.90) | 2047 (55.09) | |
| ≥2455.00 | 4,480 (50.01) | 2,995 (52.10) | 1,485 (44.91) | |
| Vitamin B12, μg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <6.99 | 5,415 (49.98) | 3,344 (48.20) | 2071 (54.34) | |
| ≥6.99 | 4,405 (50.02) | 2,944 (51.80) | 1,461 (45.66) | |
| Vitamin C, mg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <89.40 | 5,132 (49.97) | 3,137 (47.77) | 1995 (55.37) | |
| ≥89.40 | 4,688 (50.03) | 3,151 (52.23) | 1,537 (44.63) | |
| Vitamin D, μg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <6.60 | 5,256 (49.66) | 3,207 (46.97) | 2049 (56.26) | |
| ≥6.60 | 4,564 (50.34) | 3,081 (53.03) | 1,483 (43.74) | |
| Vitamin E, mg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <7.48 | 5,404 (49.94) | 3,314 (47.63) | 2090 (55.59) | |
| ≥7.48 | 4,416 (50.06) | 2,974 (52.37) | 1,442 (44.41) | |
| Vitamin K, μg, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| <82.70 | 5,345 (49.98) | 3,261 (47.61) | 2084 (55.80) | |
| ≥82.70 | 4,475 (50.02) | 3,027 (52.39) | 1,448 (44.20) | |
| Alpha-carotene, μg, Mean ± S. E | 467.94 ± 24.48 | 501.15 ± 27.76 | 386.57 ± 24.84 | <0.001 |
| Beta-carotene, μg, Mean ± S. E | 2574.78 ± 92.75 | 2763.62 ± 116.01 | 2112.12 ± 102.61 | <0.001 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin, μg, Mean ± S. E | 89.33 ± 2.28 | 88.53 ± 2.86 | 91.30 ± 4.93 | 0.652 |
| Lycopene, μg, Mean ± S. E | 5445.93 ± 159.91 | 5443.55 ± 188.35 | 5451.76 ± 215.51 | 0.974 |
| Lutein+ zeaxanthin, μg, Mean ± S. E | 1956.90 ± 78.89 | 2083.75 ± 96.07 | 1646.11 ± 113.30 | 0.003 |
PIR, poverty-income ratio; BMI, body mass index; MET, metabolic equivalent; CVD, cardiovascular disease; WBC, white blood cell.