. 2024 Apr 22;24:304. doi: 10.1186/s12870-024-04957-1

Table 5.

Effect of food-biochar incorporation on the root characteristics of Zea mays, Amaranthus caudatus, and Medicago sativa in a condition of salt-induced stress

Plant	Treatments	Total root length (cm)	Root surface area (cm²)	Root projected area (cm²)	Root diameter (mm)	Root volume (cm³)
Medicago sativa	Control	16.21 ± 2.09^f	6.71 ± 0.12^e	1.83 ± 0.03^f	0.69 ± 0.03^c	0.12 ± 0.01^e
Medicago sativa	Biochar	23.24 ± 0.80^e	8.63 ± 0.03^e	2.63 ± 0.04^e	1.02 ± 0.03^a	0.18 ± 0.01^d
Amaranthus caudatus	Control	39.81 ± 1.99^d	17.84 ± 0.51^d	6.12 ± 0.05^d	0.90 ± 0.03^b	0.55 ± 0.03^b
Amaranthus caudatus	Biochar	59.11 ± 2^c	21.64 ± 0.84^c	7.93 ± 0.06^c	1.14 ± 0.01^a	0.69 ± 0.02^a
Zea mays	Control	116.50 ± 3.04^b	26.04 ± 0.13^b	10.01 ± 0.52^b	0.71 ± 0.04^c	0.43 ± 0.04^c
Zea mays	Biochar	270.39 ± 2.07^a	41 ± 0.27^a	13 ± 0.22^a	1.01 ± 0.02^b	0.57 ± 0.02^b

*Significant at p < 0.05, ** significant at p < 0.01, *** significant at p < 0.001; ns, non-significant at p > 0.05 according to two way ANOVA. a, b Means followed by different letters vertically (in the same column) are significantly different according to DMRTs