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. 2023 Dec 21;19(10):2157–2174. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.391179

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Copyright: © 2024 Neural Regeneration Research

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3D-printed collagen/chitosan scaffolds loaded with growth factors promote neural repair and angiogenesis at a low temperature.

(A) The preparation process of 3D-CC-BMExos for TBI treatment. Reprinted from Liu et al. (2023b) under CC BY license. (B) The preparation process and mechanism of 3D-CC-INExos. Reprinted from Liu et al. (2023d) under CC BY license. 3D-CC-BMExos: 3D-printed collagen/chitosan scaffolds based on mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes pretreated with BDNF; 3D-CC-INExos: 3D-printed collagen/chitosan scaffolds based on NSC-derived exosomes pretreated with IGF; 3D-CS-ST: 3D-printed collagen/silk fibroin/secretome; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BDNF-MExos: brain-derived neurotrophic factor-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes; Iba-1: ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; IGF-1-NExos: NSC-derived exosomes pretreated with IGF-1; NSCs: neural stem cells; TBI: traumatic brain injury; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling.