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. 2023 Dec 21;19(10):2119–2131. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.391329

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Sequalae of traumatic brain injury.

TBI results in a variety of pathologic sequalae that cause injury to neural tissue. These sequalae include: axonal injury, brain swelling, hematoma precipitation, skull fracture, hypoxia, energy failure, BBB breakdown, and neuroinflammatory changes. Created with BioRender.com. BBB: Blood-brain barrier; TBI: traumatic brain injury.