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. 2024 Apr 22;132(4):042001. doi: 10.1289/EHP14722

A three-part chart follows the phrase “Climate Change.” The first block, “Altered attributes,” lists increase in virulence, geographic range, dispersal, host susceptibility, trauma or wounds, and vectors. The second block lists “Emerging fungal pathogens”: Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, Fusarium graminearum, Cryptococcus deuterogattii, Coccidioides immmitis or posadasii, Candida auris, Apophysomyces trapeziformis, and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. The last block shows consequences: food security, human and animal health, and wildlife extinction.

“Attributes of the fungus, environment, and host, altered by climate change, can drive emergence of novel, uncommon, or adapted species, with consequences for health, biodiversity, and food security,” investigators wrote in a 2021 article.17 In this graphic, solid lines show links supported by published evidence; dashed lines show probable but unproven links. “?” represents as-yet unknown fungal species and consequences. Image: © Nnadi and Carter (2021).17 Used under Creative Commons license CC-BY 4.0 DEED [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/].