Key Resources Table
| REAGENT or RESOURCE | SOURCE | IDENTIFIER |
|---|---|---|
| Antibodies | ||
| Anti-human/mouse/rat VDAC1 (Lot #3507477001) | ORIGENE | Cat#TA326858 |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat/monkey GRP75 | Abcam | Cat#ab2799 |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat/monkey TOM20 | Cell Signaling | Cat#42406S |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat IP3R-I | Santa Cruz | Cat#sc-271197 |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat phospho β-catenin-Serine 37 | PetroTech | Cat#28776-1-AP |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat phospho β-catenin-Serine 33 | PetroTech | Cat#80067-1-RR |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat β-catenin | PetroTech | Cat#66379-1-Ig |
| Alexa Fluor 488 Anti-human FOXP3 (clone 259D) | BioLegend | Cat#320212 |
| Alexa Fluor 488 Anti-human CD25 (clone BC96) | BioLegend | Cat#302616 |
| PE anti-human CD39 (clone A1) | BioLegend | Cat#328208 |
| PerCP/Cy5.5 anti-human CD152 (CTLA4) (clone BNI3) | BioLegend | Cat#369608 |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat/monkey phospho-Serine 9 GSK3β (D85E12) | Cell Signaling | Cat#5558S |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat/monkey GSK3β (27C10) | Cell Signaling | Cat#9315 |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat/monkey β-actin (8H10D10) | Cell Signaling | Cat#3700S |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat/monkey STAT3 (124H6) | Cell Signaling | Cat#9139S |
| Anti-human/mouse/rat HK-I | Invitrogen | Cat#MA5-15680 |
| APC anti-human CD49D (α4) (clone 9F10) | BioLegend | Cat#304308 |
| PE anti-human CD103 (integrin αE) (clone Ber-ACT8) | BioLegend | Cat#350206 |
| APC/Cyanine7 anti-human IFN-γ (4S.B3) | BioLegend | Cat#502530 |
| PE anti-human TNF-α (MAb11) | BioLegend | Cat#502909 |
| Alexa Fluor 488 anti-human CD4 (clone RPA-T4) | BioLegend | Cat#300519 |
| PE anti-mouse CD45RB (clone c363-16A) | BioLegend | Cat#103308 |
| Alexa Fluor 488 CD25 (clone PC61) | BioLegend | Cat#102017 |
| Alexa Fluor 647 anti-human phospho-Serine 9 GSK3β | R&D SYSTEMS | Cat# IC25062R |
| Alexa Fluor 488 Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400134 |
| APC Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400119 |
| PE Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400114 |
| APC/Cyanine 7 Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400128 |
| Brilliant Violet 421 Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400157 |
| PE/Cy7 Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400125 |
| PercP/Cy5.5 Mouse IgG1, k (clone MOPC-21) | BioLegend | Cat#400150 |
| Human TruStain FcX™ | BioLegend | Cat#422302 |
| CellTak | Corning | Cat#354242 |
| Chemicals, Peptides, and Recombinant Proteins | ||
| LY2090314 | Selleckchem | Cat#S7063 |
| TCS 2002 | TOCRIS | Cat#3869 |
| Methyl Pyruvate | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#371173 |
| MOXTM Regent | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat#TS-45950 |
| MSTFA+1% TMCS | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat#TS-48915 |
| Methanol CHROMASOLV®, for HPLC | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#34860 |
| Water for HPLC | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#270733 |
| TSP-d4 | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#269913 |
| MitoTracker RedCMXRos | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat#M7512 |
| ER-Tracker™ Blue-White DPX | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat#E12353 |
| Oligomycin | Abcam | Cat#ab141829 |
| FCCP | Abcam | Cat#ab120081 |
| Rotenone | Abcam | Cat#ab143135 |
| Antimycin A | Abcam | Cat#ab141904 |
| 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) | APEXBIO | Cat#B1027 |
| Seahorse XF 1.0 M Glucose solution | Agilent Technologies | Cat#103577-100 |
| Seahorse XF 200 mM Glutamine solution | Agilent Technologies | Cat#103579-100 |
| Seahorse XF 100 mM Pyruvate solution | Agilent Technologies | Cat#103578-100 |
| XF RPMI Medium | Agilent Technologies | Cat#103576-100 |
| Purified NA/LE Mouse Anti-human CD3 | BD Pharmingen | Cat#555329 |
| Purified NA/LE Mouse Anti-human CD28 | BD Pharmingen | Cat#555725 |
| Recombinant human IL-2 | PetroTech | Cat#200-02 |
| Recombinant human TGF-β1 | PetroTech | Cat#100-21C |
| Recombinant human IL-12 p70 | PetroTech | Cat#200-12 |
| Recombinant human IL-1β | PetroTech | Cat#200-01B |
| Recombinant human IL-6 | PetroTech | Cat#200-06 |
| Recombinant human IL-21 | PetroTech | Cat#200-21 |
| Recombinant human IL-23 | PetroTech | Cat#200-23 |
| Recombinant human IL-4 | PetroTech | Cat#200-04 |
| Purified anti-human IFN-γ (clone B27) | BioLegend | Cat#506502 |
| Purified anti-human IL-4 (clone 8D4-8) | BioLegend | Cat#500702 |
| Clotrimazole | TOCRIS | Cat#4096 |
| Bifonazole | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#B3563 |
| UK5099 | EMD Millipore | Cat#5.04817.0001 |
| TEPP-46 (ML265, CID-44246499, NCGC001186528) | Selleckchem | Cat#S7302 |
| BMS-303141 | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#SML0784 |
| Calyculin A | Abcam | Cat#141784 |
| Heptelidic acid (HA) | Abcam | Cat#ab144269 |
| Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#S2596 |
| Cpd9, ACC1 inhibitor | EMD Millipore | Cat#5.34335.0001 |
| 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA) | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#T27006 |
| Sodium Fluoroacetate | MP, Biochemicals, LLC | Cat#201080 |
| Etomoxir sodium salt hydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#E1905 |
| Fibronectin Human, Natural | Corning | Cat#354008 |
| MitoTracker Green | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat#M7514 |
| NE-PER™ Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents | Thermo Fisher Scientific | REF#78833 |
| Cell Trace Violet Cell Proliferation Kit | Thermo Fisher Scientific | Cat#C34751 |
| Purified NA/LE Hamster Anti-mouse CD3e (clone145-2C11) | BD Pharmingen | Cat#553057 |
| Purified NA/LE Hamster Anti-mouse CD328 (clone145-2C11) | BD Pharmingen | Cat#553294 |
| Recombinant mouse IL-12 p70 | PetroTech | Cat#210-12 |
| Recombinant mouse IL-1β | PetroTech | Cat#211-11B |
| Recombinant mouse IL-6 | PetroTech | Cat#210-16 |
| Recombinant mouse IL-21 | PetroTech | Cat#210-21 |
| Recombinant mouse IL-23 p40 | R&D SYSTEMS | Cat#1887-ML-010 |
| LEAF™ Purified anti-mouse IFN-γ (clone XMG1.2) | BioLegend | Cat#505812 |
| Purified anti-mouse IL-4 (clone 11B11) | BioLegend | Cat#504102 |
| Mouse Dynabeads CD3/CD28 | Gibco | Cat#11452D |
| Biological samples and Experimental Models | ||
| Healthy adult – peripheral blood mononuclear cells (males) | Mayo Clinic | N/A |
| Healthy adult – intestinal biopsies (male) | Mayo Clinic | N/A |
| C57BL/6J mice (males) | The Jackson Laboratory | Stock no:000664 |
| C57BL/6J Rag1−/− mice (males) | The Jackson Laboratory | Stock no: 002216 |
| C57BL/6NJ wildtype (one male and one female) | The Jackson Laboratory | Stock no: 005304 |
| Total body Il21r−/− (one male and one female) | The Jackson Laboratory | Stock no: 019115 |
| Software and Algorithms | ||
| FlowJo version10.2 | FlowJo, LLC | https://www.flowjo.com |
| Zen 3.0 (blue edition) | Zen | https://www.zeiss.com |
| Bio-Rad Image Lab | Bio-Rad | https://www.bio-rad.com |
| GraphPadPrism 8 | GraphPad software | https://www.graphpad.com |
| Seahorse Bioscience Wave Desktop | Agilent Technologies | https://www.agilent.com |
| ImageJ | NIH | https://imagej.nih.gov |
| Photoshop Adobe | Adobe | https://www.adobe.com |
| Critical Commercial Assays | ||
| BD™ Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Mouse Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokine Kit | BD Biosciences | Cat#560485 |
| ENLITEN ATP Assay System | Promega | Cat#FF2000 |
| GAPDH Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric) | Abcam | Cat #ab204732 |
| Human Treg Phenotyping Panel Kit | Fluidigm | Cat#201060 |
| RNeasy Plus Mini Kit | QIAGEN | Cat#74134 |
| Seahorse XF24 Flux/Pak | Agilent Technologies | Cat#100850-001 |
| Seahorse XFe96 Flux/Pak | Agilent Technologies | Cat#102416-100 |
| Arraystar SYBR Green qPCR Mater Mix | ARRAYSTAR INC | Cat#AS-MR-006-5 |
| NuRNA™ Human Central Metabolism PCR Array (Roche Light Cycler 480) | ARRAYSTARINC | Cat#AS-NM-004-1-R |
| Spike-in RNA | ARRAYSTARINC | Cat#AS-SP-001-1 |
| Duolink™ In Situ PLA Anti-Mouse PLUS | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#DUO92001 |
| Duolink™ In Situ PLA Anti-Rabbit MINUS | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#DUO92005 |
| Duolink™ In Situ Detection Reagents Red | Sigma-Aldrich | Cat#DUO92008 |
| CD4+ T cell isolation kit, mouse | Miltenyi Biotec | Cat#130-104-454 |
| CD4+ CD62L+ (naive) T cell isolation kit, mouse | Miltenyi Biotec | Cat#130-106-643 |
| CD4+ CD25+ (Treg) T cell isolation kit, mouse | Miltenyi Biotec | Cat#130-091-041 |
| CD4+ T cell isolation kit, human | Miltenyi Biotec | Cat#130-096-533 |
| Accell Human VDAC1 siRNA SMARTPool | Dharmacon™ | Cat ID: E-019764-00-0050 |
| Accell Non-targeting Control Pool | Dharmacon™ | Cat ID: D-001910-10-50 |
| CD45RA+ (naive) cell isolation kit, human | Miltenyi Biotec | Cat#130-045-901 |
| CD4+ CD127dim T cell isolation kit, human | Miltenyi Biotec | Cat#130-094-775 |
| Others | ||
| RPMI Medium 1640 (1X) [+] L-Glutamine | Gibco | REF#11875-093 |