Table 2b.
Potential risk factors for HBV infection in male cases vs controls.
| Male cases | % | Control | % | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All males | 37 | (100.0) | 438 | (100.0) | |
| Race | 0.26 | ||||
| White | 2 | (5.4) | 18 | (4.1) | |
| Black | 32 | (86.5) | 403 | (92.0) | |
| Asian/Indian | 1 | (2.7) | 4 | (0.9) | |
| Colored | 2 | (5.4) | 13 | (3.0) | |
| Education category | 0.80 | ||||
| Up to Grade 10/Standard 8 | 2 | (5.4) | 26 | (5.9) | |
| Up to Grade 12/Standard 10 | 20 | (54.1) | 208 | (47.5) | |
| Tertiary educationa | 15 | (40.5) | 203 | (46.3) | |
| Unknown | 1 | (0.2) | |||
| Medical aid | 0.01 | ||||
| No | 30 | (81.1) | 263 | (60.0) | |
| Yes | 7 | (18.9) | 175 | (40.0) | |
| Advised by health care worker to be tested for HBV | 0.06 | ||||
| No | 32 | (86.5) | 418 | (95.4) | |
| Yes | 5 | (13.5) | 19 | (4.3) | |
| unknown | 1 | (0.2) | |||
| Sexual orientation | 0.01 | ||||
| Straight/Heterosexual | 32 | (86.5) | 427 | (97.5) | |
| Bisexual/Gay/Homosexual | 5 | (13.5) | 9 | (2.1) | |
| Unknown | 2 | (0.5) | |||
| Number of sexual partners in the last 6 months | 0.17 | ||||
| 0 | 7 | (18.9) | 150 | (34.2) | |
| 1 | 27 | (73.0) | 253 | (57.8) | |
| 2 to 3 | 3 | (8.1) | 29 | (6.6) | |
| 4+ | 6 | (1.4) | |||
| Sexual involvement with partners who would provide material benefit b | 0.11 | ||||
| No Partners | 30 | (81.1) | 278 | (63.5) | |
| Some Partners | (0.0) | ||||
| All Partners | 11 | (2.5) | |||
| unknown | 7 | (18.9) | 149 | (34.0) | |
| Endoscopy or colonoscopy in the last 6 months before the donation | 0.08 | ||||
| No | 36 | (97.3) | 436 | (99.5) | |
| Yes | 2 | (0.5) | |||
| unknown | 1 | (2.7) | (0.0) | ||
| New tattoo or had one re-applied in the 6 months before donation | 0.15 | ||||
| No | 36 | (97.3) | 437 | (99.8) | |
| Yes | 1 | (2.7) | 1 | (0.2) | |
| Anus preparation practices before sex in the last 6 months c | 0.34 | ||||
| Every time | 5 | (13.5) | 24 | (5.5) | |
| Some times | 1 | (2.7) | 5 | (1.1) | |
| Once | (0.0) | 2 | (0.5) | ||
| Never | 17 | (45.9) | 211 | (48.2) | |
| Not Applicable, no anal sex | 11 | (29.7) | 153 | (34.9) | |
| unknown | 3 | (8.1) | 43 | (9.8) | |
| Received Raatib, ritual scarring, piercing, circumcision, blood sharing, or been stabbed in the last 6 months | 1.00 | ||||
| No | 37 | (100.0) | 434 | (99.1) | |
| Yes | 1 | (0.2) | |||
| unknown | 3 | (0.7) | |||
| Injury in the last 6 months before donation d | 0.10 | ||||
| No | 35 | (94.6) | 433 | (98.9) | |
| Yes | 2 | (5.4) | 5 | (1.1) | |
| Intravenous drug usage | 0.08 | ||||
| Yes | |||||
| No | 36 | (97.3) | 438 | (100.0) | |
| Unknown | 1 | (2.7) | |||
| HBV vaccination | 0.77 | ||||
| Yes | 3 | (8.1) | 40 | (9.1) | |
| No | 32 | (86.5) | 382 | (87.2) | |
| Unknown | 2 | (5.4) | 16 | (3.7) | |
| HBV contact e | 0.37 | ||||
| Yes | 1 | (2.7) | 5 | (1.1) | |
| No | 34 | (91.9) | 423 | (96.6) | |
| Unknown | 2 | (5.4) | 10 | (2.3) |
HBV: hepatitis B virus.
Definitions:
a
Tertiary education means at least a college or university qualification.
b
Becoming sexually involved with partners who provide some material benefit such as food, shelter, transport, school fees, or other goods.
c
Frequency of using anything to dry, clean, or tighten anus before or after having sex in the last 6 months before donation.
d
An injury such as a knife or stab wound or being in an accident with loss of blood.
e
Hepatitis contact means having been in close contact in the last 6 months with anybody who has hepatitis (living or working with people who have hepatitis).