Table 1 |.
Characteristics of the semaglutide and non-GLP1R agonist anti-obesity medication groups for the study population with overweight or obesity and no history of suicidal ideation before the index event (first prescription of semaglutide or non-GLP1R agonist anti-obesity medications from 1 June 2021 through to 31 December 2022), before and after propensity score matching for the listed variables
| Before propensity score matching | After propensity score matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semaglutide group | Non-GLP1R agonist anti-obesity medication group | SMD | Semaglutide group | Non-GLP1R agonist anti-obesity medication group | SMD | |
| Total number | 67,804 | 164,967 | 52,783 | 52,783 | ||
| Age at the index event, years, mean±s.d. | 51.6±13.5 | 47.5±15.3 | 0.29a | 50.0±13.4 | 50.3±15.1 | 0.03 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Female | 67.7 | 75.2 | 0.17a | 72.6 | 72.5 | 0.002 |
| Male | 31.8 | 24.3 | 0.17a | 26.9 | 27.0 | 0.002 |
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 7.5 | 7.9 | 0.01 | 7.6 | 7.3 | 0.008 |
| Non-Hispanic/Latino | 69.9 | 76.9 | 0.16a | 70.9 | 71.4 | 0.01 |
| Unknown | 22.6 | 15.3 | 0.19a | 21.6 | 21.3 | 0.008 |
| Ethnic group (%) | ||||||
| Asian | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.13a | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.004 |
| Black | 16.0 | 14.9 | 0.03 | 15.9 | 16.1 | 0.007 |
| White | 68.1 | 71.7 | 0.08 | 69.6 | 69.5 | 0.002 |
| Unknown | 12.0 | 11.9 | 0.003 | 12.0 | 11.7 | 0.008 |
| Marital status (%) | ||||||
| Never married | 12.5 | 17.3 | 0.14a | 13.4 | 13.1 | 0.009 |
| Divorced | 5.5 | 6.0 | 0.02 | 5.6 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
| Widowed | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.003 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.006 |
| Adverse socioeconomic determinants of health (%) | 4.1 | 6.2 | 0.10a | 4.4 | 4.6 | 0.01 |
| Personal history of psychological trauma (%) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.005 |
| Family history of mental and behavioral disorders (%) | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.06 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.005 |
| Lifestyle-related problems (%) | 7.9 | 10.7 | 0.09 | 8.2 | 8.5 | 0.01 |
| Pre-existing medical conditions (%) | ||||||
| Depression | 26.9 | 40.7 | 0.30a | 30.2 | 31.9 | 0.04 |
| Mood disorders, including bipolar disorder | 32.0 | 48.0 | 0.33a | 35.9 | 37.6 | 0.04 |
| Anxiety, dissociative, somatoform and other nonpsychotic mental disorders, including posttraumatic stress disorder | 37.2 | 48.7 | 0.23a | 40.3 | 41.4 | 0.02 |
| Schizophrenia, schizotypal, delusional and other non-mood psychotic disorders | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.08 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.004 |
| Behavioral disorders, including sleep disorders | 9.2 | 10.9 | 0.06 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 0.009 |
| Disorders of adult personality and behavior, including impulse and gender identity disorders | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.09 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.01 |
| Symptoms and signs involving an emotional state | 4.0 | 5.4 | 0.07 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 0.01 |
| Sleeping disorders including insomnia | 39.5 | 37.0 | 0.05 | 38.0 | 38.8 | 0.02 |
| Chronic pain | 25.3 | 26.9 | 0.04 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 0.02 |
| Alcohol use disorder | 2.4 | 5.2 | 0.15a | 2.7 | 3.0 | 0.02 |
| Tobacco use disorder | 11.7 | 17.9 | 0.18a | 12.4 | 13.0 | 0.02 |
| Opioid use disorder | 1.5 | 3.0 | 0.10a | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.01 |
| Cannabis use disorder | 1.1 | 2.4 | 0.10a | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.02 |
| Cocaine use disorder | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.08 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.01 |
| Other stimulant-related disorders | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.06 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.01 |
| Other psychoactive substance-related disorders | 1.0 | 2.4 | 0.11a | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.02 |
| T2DM | 44.8 | 15.6 | 0.67a | 30.6 | 31.7 | 0.02 |
| Cancer | 32.6 | 29.5 | 0.07 | 30.7 | 31.1 | 0.008 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 2.1 | 3.1 | 0.06 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.009 |
| Previous medication prescription or procedures (%) | ||||||
| Bariatric surgery | 4.4 | 5.4 | 0.05 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 0.007 |
| Antidepressants | 44.0 | 60.4 | 0.33a | 48.1 | 49.7 | 0.03 |
| Antipsychotics | 16.2 | 22.7 | 0.17a | 17.4 | 18.0 | 0.02 |
| Antiepileptics | 32.1 | 40.8 | 0.18a | 33.4 | 34.7 | 0.03 |
| Benzodiazepine-derivative sedatives or hypnotics | 44.0 | 47.0 | 0.06 | 43.5 | 44.2 | 0.01 |
| Esketamine | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.006 |
| Ketamine | 5.2 | 6.4 | 0.05 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 0.004 |
| Lithium | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
| Bupropion | 15.2 | 30.5 | 0.37a | 18.6 | 20.8 | 0.05 |
| Naltrexone | 3.6 | 3.7 | 0.006 | 4.1 | 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Phentermine | 10.4 | 13.3 | 0.09 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 0.01 |
| Orlistat | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.006 |
| Topiramate | 9.5 | 17.7 | 0.24a | 11.6 | 12.4 | 0.03 |
| Insulin | 21.5 | 9.8 | 0.33a | 15.0 | 15.8 | 0.02 |
| Metformin | 39.1 | 13.0 | 0.62a | 25.6 | 27.3 | 0.04 |
| Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.005 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 8.2 | 1.5 | 0.32a | 3.4 | 3.8 | 0.02 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 10.3 | 1.5 | 0.38a | 3.5 | 4.0 | 0.03 |
| Sulfonylureas | 11.6 | 2.6 | 0.36a | 5.5 | 6.2 | 0.03 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 2.7 | 0.7 | 0.16a | 1.4 | 1.6 | 0.01 |
The status of variables was based on the presence of related clinical codes any time to 1 day before the index event.
a
SMD greater than 0.1, a threshold indicating group imbalance.
SMD, standardized mean difference.