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. 2024 Apr 22;26(3):58. doi: 10.1007/s10035-024-01423-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 13 — Orange lines correspond to simulation results obtained with slab particle damping and blue lines without damping in the slab, restitution coefficient $e_{u}$ equal to 0.1 and 1, respectively. (a.1, a.2) Normal stresses for different crack tip locations (1.7 m and 12.7 m) on flat terrain ( $ψ$ = 0°). (b1, b2) Normal and shear stresses for different crack tip locations (1.7 m and 15 m) on titled terrain ( $ψ$ = 35°)