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. 2023 Dec 30;14(4):100931. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.021

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© 2023 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 5 — Modulation of gut microbiota by treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and losartan. (A) Effects of MMF and losartan on Chao1, observed species, Shannon, and Simpson indices. (B) The effects of MMF and losartan on gut microbiota were analyzed by unweighted and weighted principal component analysis (PCoA) analysis. (C) Venn-diagrams showing the number of differentially genera in the immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) rats that were reversed by MMF and losartan treatment. (D) Effects of MMF and losartan intervention on intestinal probiotic Bifidobacterium. (E) Effects of MMF and losartan intervention on Lachnospiraceae family. (F) Results of hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The blue arrow indicates the intestinal villi.(G, H) Western blot results of tight junction proteins of intestinal epithelium, zonula occludins-1 (ZO-1), occludin-1, claudin-1, and MUC2 (G) and their densitometric analysis (^# represents compared with sham rats and ^∗ represents compared with ICGN rats) (H). (I) The quantitation analysis of Fig. 5F: HE and TEM (left); cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68; IHC) (middle); and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; IHC) (right). ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001, and ^∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (n = 10). PC: principal component.