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. 2023 Dec 30;14(4):100931. doi: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.12.021

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© 2023 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 6 — Metabolomics altered by mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and losartan treatment. (A) Differences in metabolite composition between immune-complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN), MMF, and losartan groups. (B) The number of differential metabolites reversed by losartan and MMF treatment by Venn analysis. (C, D) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriched by differential metabolites reversed by MMF (C) and losartan (D) treatments compared with the ICGN group. (E) Fecal concentration of nephrotoxic indoxyl conjugates in sham, ICGN, MMF, and losartan treatment groups (^#represents compared with sham rats and ^∗ represents compared with ICGN rats) (n = 6). (F) Distribution of tryptophan derived catabolites (n = 6). ^∗P < 0.05, ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗P < 0.001, and ^∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001 by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (n = 10). OPLS-DA: orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis; PPAR: peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors; FoxO: Forkhead box O; ARE-RAGE: advanced glycation end-products-receptor of advanced glycation endproducts.