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. 2024 Apr 22;15:3402. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47463-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Principal component analysis of blood RNA-seq transcriptome (next-gen RNA-seq) of study participants before (D0, n = 19) and at the time of COVID-19 (CT NAAT+ve ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 n = 21, CT NAAT+ve placebo n = 30). b Volcano plot comparing the next-gen RNA-seq blood transcriptome at COVID-19 onset (CT NAAT+ve), placebo vaccinees (n = 30) compared with baseline (D0, n = 19) samples. Blue = downregulated at CT (FDR < 0.05), red = upregulated at CT (FDR < 0.05). Differential expression analysis was performed using a two-sided moderate t test. c Volcano plot comparing the next-gen RNA-seq blood transcriptome at COVID-19 onset (CT NAAT+ve) in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinees (n = 21) compared with baseline (D0, n = 19) samples. Blue = downregulated at CT (FDR < 0.05), red = upregulated at CT(FDR < 0.05). Differential expression analysis was performed using a two-sided moderate t test. d Blood transcriptional modules (BTM) enriched during COVID-19 compared with baseline. Enriched BTMs (FDR < 0.001) are displayed. Segments of the pie charts represent the proportion of upregulated (red) and downregulated (blue) genes (absolute fold change >1.25). Enrichment P values were derived from a hypergeometric test, after adjustment for multiple testing (Benjamini and Hochberg’s method). e Agreement plot of differentially expressed genes at CT NAAT+ve in individuals in Placebo (x-axis, n = 30) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (y-axis, n = 21) vaccine recipients compared with baseline (D0, n = 19). f Volcano plot comparing the next-gen RNA-seq blood transcriptome at CT NAAT+ve in individuals who received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (n = 21) compared with individuals who received a placebo vaccine (n = 30). Blue = higher in placebo group (FDR < 0.05), red = higher in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group (FDR < 0.05). Differential expression analysis was performed using a two-sided moderate t test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.