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We identified 5,127,304 individuals with available health checkup data on physical examination and laboratory data at health checkup in the JMDC Claims Database. We excluded individuals with a history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and renal replacement therapy, as well as those with missing data on cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Finally, we obtained 4,125,720 participants in our study.
