Table 2.
Association of Depression With Risk of Developing Cardiovascular Disease Between Men and Women
| Men |
Women |
P Value for Interaction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression (−) (n = 2,271,247) |
Depression (+) (n = 99,739) |
P Value | Depression (−) (n = 1,676,376) |
Depression (+) (n = 78,358) |
P Value | ||
| Composite | |||||||
| Events | 112,638 | 6,446 | 57,639 | 4,158 | |||
| Incidence | 138.1 (137.3-138.9) | 188.3 (183.8-193.0) | 107.9 (107.0-108.8) | 182.3 (176.8-187.9) | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.36 (1.33-1.40) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.69 (1.64-1.74) | <0.001 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.43 (1.40-1.47) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.69 (1.64-1.74) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.39 (1.35-1.42) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.64 (1.59-1.70) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | |||||||
| Events | 7,279 | 359 | 1,506 | 105 | |||
| Incidence | 8.6 (8.4-8.8) | 10.0 (9.0-11.1) | 2.7 (2.6-2.9) | 4.4 (3.6-5.3) | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.16 (1.04-1.29) | 0.007 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.60 (1.32-1.96) | <0.001 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.23 (1.11-1.37) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.60 (1.31-1.95) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.16 (1.04-1.28) | 0.008 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.52 (1.24-1.85) | <0.001 | 0.0173 |
| Angina pectoris | |||||||
| Events | 49,141 | 3,026 | 24,121 | 1,803 | |||
| Incidence | 59.1 (58.5-59.6) | 86.1 (83.1-89.2) | 44.5 (43.9-45.0) | 77.0 (73.6-80.7) | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.46 (1.40-1.51) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.73 (1.65-1.82) | <0.001 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.51 (1.46-1.57) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.73 (1.65-1.81) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.46 (1.41-1.52) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.68 (1.60-1.76) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Stroke | |||||||
| Events | 23,988 | 1,367 | 11,950 | 829 | |||
| Incidence | 28.6 (28.2-28.9) | 38.3 (36.3-40.4) | 21.9 (21.5-22.3) | 35.0 (32.7-37.5) | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.34 (1.27-1.42) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.60 (1.49-1.72) | <0.001 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.45 (1.37-1.53) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.60 (1.49-1.72) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.42 (1.34-1.50) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.56 (1.45-1.67) | <0.001 | 0.0350 |
| Heart failure | |||||||
| Events | 55,231 | 2,952 | 27,085 | 1,982 | |||
| Incidence | 66.3 (65.8-66.9) | 83.6 (80.6-86.6) | 49.9 (49.3-50.5) | 84.6 (81.0-88.4) | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.26 (1.21-1.31) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.70 (1.62-1.78) | <0.001 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.32 (1.28-1.37) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.69 (1.62-1.77) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.28 (1.23-1.32) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.64 (1.57-1.72) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | |||||||
| Events | 15,972 | 721 | 3,872 | 265 | |||
| Incidence | 19.0 (18.7-19.3) | 20.1 (18.7-21.6) | 7.1 (6.8-7.3) | 11.1 (9.9-12.5) | |||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.06 (0.98-1.14) | 0.136 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.58 (1.39-1.79) | <0.001 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.16 (1.07-1.24) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.57 (1.39-1.78) | <0.001 | |
| Multivariable | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.15 (1.07-1.24) | <0.001 | 1.00 (Reference) | 1.55 (1.37-1.76) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Multivariable analysis = adjusted for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity.