Table 1. Participant Characteristics by Study Site, Health Assessment Studya.
| Variable | All participants (N = 813) | South Bronx (n = 375) | Puerto Rico (n = 438) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Female | 411 (50.6) | 182 (48.5) | 229 (52.3) |
| Male | 402 (49.4) | 193 (51.5) | 209 (47.7) |
| Age, y | |||
| 18-23 | 508 (62.5) | 170 (45.3) | 283 (64.6) |
| 24-29 | 305 (37.5) | 205 (54.7) | 155 (35.4) |
| Highest education grade completed | |||
| 6 | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 2 (0.5) |
| 7 | 5 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (0.9) |
| 8 | 6 (0.7) | 4 (1.1) | 2 (0.5) |
| 9 | 17 (2.1) | 12 (3.2) | 5 (1.2) |
| 10 | 33 (4.1) | 31 (8.3) | 2 (0.5) |
| 11 | 46 (5.7) | 42 (11.3) | 4 (0.9) |
| 12 | 276 (34.2) | 129 (34.6) | 147 (33.8) |
| College freshman | 116 (14.4) | 51 (13.7) | 65 (14.9) |
| College sophomore | 118 (14.6) | 55 (14.8) | 63 (14.5) |
| College junior | 69 (8.5) | 16 (4.3) | 53 (12.2) |
| College senior | 90 (11.1) | 21 (5.6) | 69 (15.9) |
| ≥1 y of Graduate school | 30 (3.7) | 11 (3.0) | 19 (4.4) |
| Receiving public assistance | 226 (27.8) | 70 (18.7) | 156 (35.6) |
| Prospective ACEs | |||
| None | 229 (28.2) | 87 (23.2) | 142 (32.4) |
| 1 | 302 (37.2) | 143 (38.1) | 159 (36.3) |
| 2-3 | 241 (29.6) | 125 (33.3) | 116 (26.5) |
| ≥4 | 41 (5.0) | 20 (5.3) | 21 (4.8) |
| Retrospective ACEs | |||
| None | 269 (33.1) | 90 (24.0) | 179 (40.9) |
| 1 | 287 (35.3) | 127 (33.9) | 160 (36.5) |
| 2-3 | 167 (20.5) | 98 (26.1) | 69 (15.8) |
| ≥4 | 90 (11.1) | 60 (16.0) | 30 (6.9) |
| Individual prospective ACEs | |||
| Verbal abuse | 106 (13.4) | 57 (15.7) | 49 (11.4) |
| Physical abuse | 158 (20.0) | 76 (21.0) | 82 (19.2) |
| Sexual abuse | 35 (4.5) | 18 (5.1) | 17 (4.0) |
| Neglect | 131 (16.5) | 59 (16.1) | 72 (16.8) |
| Divorce or separation | 369 (46.9) | 213 (60.2) | 156 (36.0) |
| Domestic violence | 19 (2.4) | 7 (1.9) | 12 (2.8) |
| Substance use in home | 125 (15.5) | 52 (14.0) | 73 (16.7) |
| Maternal mental health issues | 212 (26.2) | 84 (22.6) | 128 (29.4) |
| Individual retrospective ACEs | |||
| Verbal abuse | 122 (15.0) | 80 (21.3) | 42 (9.6) |
| Physical abuse | 96 (11.8) | 63 (16.8) | 33 (7.5) |
| Sexual abuse | 62 (7.6) | 38 (10.2) | 24 (5.5) |
| Neglect | 24 (3.0) | 21 (5.6) | 3 (0.7) |
| Divorce or separation | 464 (57.2) | 248 (66.3) | 216 (49.4) |
| Domestic violence | 73 (9.0) | 51 (13.6) | 22 (5.1) |
| Substance use in home | 140 (17.3) | 92 (24.6) | 48 (11.0) |
| Maternal mental health issues | 120 (14.8) | 56 (15.0) | 64 (14.7) |
| PSQI score | |||
| Good sleep (≤5) | 470 (57.8) | 192 (51.2) | 278 (63.5) |
| Poor sleep (>5) | 343 (42.2) | 183 (48.8) | 160 (36.5) |
Abbreviations: ACEs, adverse childhood experiences; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
a
Quality of evidence = 3, retrospective cohort study. Data are given as number (percentage) of participants.