Table 2.

Covariates and exposure variables associated with depressive symptoms in women (aged 18–49 years) included in the DHS^* 2018 and 2019 data (n 17 067)

Variables	Depressive symptoms				P-value
	No depressive symptoms		With depressive symptoms
	n	%	n	%
Age (years)
18–29	5,547	93·58	327	6·42	<0·001
30–39	6,827	93·40	439	6·60
40–49	3,588	90·13	339	9·87
Educational attainment
No education	358	92·05	27	7·95	<0·001
Primary	3,571	89·38	312	10·62
Secondary	7,069	92·01	501	7·99
Higher	4,964	94·80	265	5·20
Marital status
Single	170	91·63	18	8·37	<0·001
Married	4,107	92·99	226	7·01
Cohabitant	9,223	93·44	555	6·56
Widow	155	84·71	30	15·29
Separate†	2,307	89·17	276	10·83
Natural region
Metropolitan Lima	1,675	91·61	132	8·39	0·091
Rest of coast	4,597	93·28	267	6·72
Andean	5,657	91·55	469	8·45
Amazon	4,033	94·04	237	5·96
Area of residence
Urban	10 767	92·21	756	7·79	0·254
Rural	5,195	93·01	349	6·99
Level of wealth ‡
Poor	9,246	92·01	694	7·99	0·613
Middle	3,098	92·39	211	7·61
Richer	3,618	92·96	200	7·04
Health insurance §
Yes	13 006	92·45	880	7·55	0·794
No	2,956	92·19	225	7·81
Smoke ||
Yes	64	90·17	11	9·83	0·539
No	15 898	92·40	1,094	7·60
Alcohol ¶
Yes	745	88·62	90	11·38	0·029
No	15 217	92·69	1,015	7·31
Diabetes mellitus **
Yes	130	85·36	27	14·64	0·016
No	15 832	92·48	1,078	7·52
Arterial hypertension*†
Yes	1,199	87·33	142	12·67	<0·001
No	14 763	92·95	963	7·05
Violence*‡
Physical
Yes	1,612	82·50	319	17·50	<0·001
No	14 350	93·51	786	6·49
Sexual
Yes	364	74·77	128	25·23	<0·001
No	15 598	92·93	977	7·07
Psychological
Yes	8,120	89·50	836	10·50	<0·001
No	7,842	95·78	269	4·22
Abdominal obesity*§
Yes	10 109	91·77	720	8·23	0·027
No	5,863	93·52	385	6·48

DHS, Demographic Health Survey; IPV, intimate partner violence.

^*The results were weighted considering the characteristics of the probability and two-stage sampling defined by the Peruvian DHS.

^†Composed of separated and divorced women.

^‡The rich wealth level is made up of women belonging to the very rich and rich groups and the poor wealth level is made up of the poor and very poor groups, based on the categorisation made by the DHS.

^§The woman has health insurance if she belongs to at least one of the existing health insurances at the national level (SIS, EsSalud, military and private).

^||If she smoked cigarettes daily in the last 30 d.

^¶If she consumed alcohol ≥12 d in the last year.

^**Occurs when a woman has been diagnosed by a physician and purchases medication to control the condition.

^*†Whether she suffers from arterial hypertension was determined by the average of two blood pressure readings showing a systolic blood pressure reading ≥140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure reading ≥90 mmHg or has been diagnosed by a physician.

^*‡IPV was defined as acts of physical, sexual or emotional abuse by a current or former intimate male partner.

^*§Abdominal circumference measurement ≥88 cm.