Table 2.
Comparison of patient characteristics, therapy, and outcome within the four calcium-trajectory phenotypes
| Very low TSC, slow resolvers (n = 65) | Moderately low TSC (n = 559) | Stable normal-calcium (n = 3875) | Fluctuating high TSC (n = 19) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 54.3 ± 15.0 | 57.6 ± 17.4 | 56.3 ± 17.0 | 55.0 ± 13.4 | 0.232 |
| Male, n (%) | 36 (55.4) | 298 (53.3) | 2012 (51.9) | 13 (68.4) | 0.447 |
| Race, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| White | 50 (76.9) | 343 (61.4) | 2672 (69.0) | 13 (68.4) | |
| Black | 2 (3.1) | 58 (10.4) | 533 (13.8) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Other | 13 (20.0) | 158 (28.3) | 670 (17.3) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Congestive heart failure | 9 (13.8) | 88 (15.7) | 411 (10.6) | 1 (5.3) | 0.003 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 13 (20.0) | 91 (16.3) | 632 (16.3) | 2 (10.5) | 0.774 |
| Chronic renal failure | 11 (16.9) | 69 (12.3) | 454 (11.7) | 5 (26.3) | 0.136 |
| Metastatic cancer | 3 (4.6) | 8 (1.4) | 113 (2.9) | 2 (10.5) | 0.029 |
| Liver disease | 23 (35.4) | 173 (30.9) | 692 (17.9) | 4 (21.1) | < 0.001 |
| Disease severity and laboratory indexes | |||||
| SOFA score (median [IQR]) | 8.0 [4.0, 13.0] | 6.0 [3.0, 10.0] | 4.0 [2.0, 7.0] | 5.0 [3.0, 10.0] | < 0.001 |
| Minimum albumin, mg/dL | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Minimum bicarbonate, mmol/L | 15.8 ± 4.8 | 18.4 ± 5.3 | 24.0 ± 4.2 | 23.1 ± 6.7 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum bilirubin, mg/dL | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 2.6 ± 4.2 | 1.9 ± 3.5 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 0.004 |
| Maximum creatinine, mg/dL | 2.6 ± 2.2 | 2.0 ± 2.4 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 2.2 ± 1.9 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum BUN, mg/dL | 35.7 ± 27.4 | 30.7 ± 26.8 | 18.6 ± 17.9 | 42.3 ± 26.2 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum glucose, mg/dL | 225.2 ± 125.8 | 185.9 ± 118.1 | 132.2 ± 83.1 | 162.4 ± 88.7 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum white blood cell count (10^9/L) | 14.4 ± 8.5 | 14.8 ± 8.5 | 10.6 ± 7.4 | 12.0 ± 5.3 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum amylase, IU/L | 383.0 [118.0, 702.0] | 212.0 [77.0, 580.0] | 144.0 [64.0, 484.0] | 54.0 [43.0, 185.5] | 0.001 |
| Maximum lipase, IU/L | 617.0 [230.8, 1225.2] | 292.0 [78.0, 920.0] | 156.0 [49.0, 714.5] | 96.0 [37.0, 209.0] | < 0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes | |||||
| In-hospital death | 14 (21.5) | 96 (17.2) | 146 (3.8) | 3 (15.8) | < 0.001 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 58 (89.2) | 470 (84.1) | 1110 (28.6) | 16 (84.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hospital length of stay, days, (median [IQR]) | 20.6 [11.8, 32.9] | 10.0 [4.9, 18.1] | 4.9 [2.8, 9.0] | 16.6 [8.3, 23.7] | < 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use, n (%) | 55 (84.6) | 364 (65.1) | 1719 (44.4) | 13 (68.4) | < 0.001 |
| Intubation, n (%) | 38 (58.5) | 234 (41.9) | 346 (8.9) | 7 (36.8) | < 0.001 |
| RRT, n (%) | 20 (30.8) | 49 (8.8) | 71 (1.8) | 3 (15.8) | < 0.001 |
SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; RRT, renal replace treatment