Table 3.
Summary of conflicting studies regarding changes in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and other mitochondrial functions across different muscle atrophy models
| Models | Mitochondrial function | Result | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| DMD gene-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | ↓ | [140–142] |
| DMD gene-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial ROS | ↑ | [143] |
| DMD gene-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial respiration | ↓ | [144] |
| Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fusion↑ Fission↓ |
[145–147] |
| Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics | Fission↑ | [63] |
| Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | ↑ | [148–150] |
| Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy |
First ↑ Then ↓ |
[151] |
| Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial ROS | ↑ | [151] |
| Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial respiration | ↓ | [152] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fusion↑ Fission↓ |
[153, 154] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fission↑ Fusion↓ |
[155] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fusion↑ Fission↑ |
[80, 156] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fusion↓ Fission↓ |
[27, 35, 48, 56, 157] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics | Unchanged | [131, 132, 158] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | ↑ | [27, 80, 91] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | ↓ | [134, 135, 159] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial ROS | ↑ | [160] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial ROS | Unchanged | [161] |
| Aging-related skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial respiration | Unchanged | [158] |
| Starvation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fusion↓ Fission↓ |
[162, 163] |
| Starvation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | ↑ | [164] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fission↓ Fusion NS |
[165] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics | Unchanged | [166, 167] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | ↑ | [168–170] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitophagy | NS | [165, 166, 171] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial respiration | NS | [172] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial respiration | ↓ | [173] |
| Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial ROS | ↑ | [173] |
| Cancer cachexia-induced skeletal muscle atrophy | Mitochondrial dynamics |
Fusion↓ Fission↓ |
[163] |
↑ Indicates increase, ↓ indicates decrease, and NS indicates no significant change.