Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author (year) | Country/region | Mean/median follow-up, years | Sex | Mean age, years | Sample size | No. of outcomes | Combination of LBs | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking | Alcohol drinking | PA | Diet | Body weight | Others | |||||||
| Studies on CVD incidence and mortality | ||||||||||||
| Mo, M.(2023) | Sweden | 12 | M/F | 26.5 | 15,411 | CVD 222 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Mao, Ziling (2023) | US | 11 | M/F | 63.8 | 15,467 | CVD 1,563 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Zuo, Y. (2022) | China | 11.03 | M/F | 51.6 | 94,831 | CVD 6,590 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Heath, L. (2022) | UK | 11 | M/F | 56.2 | 339,913 |
CVD 29,545 CVD mortality 4,655 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Guasch-Ferré, Marta (2022 NHS) | US | 30 | F | 45.4 | 67,250 | CVD 6,984 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Guasch-Ferré, Marta (2022 HPFS) | US | 30 | M | 56.2 | 29,114 | CVD 4,726 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Yang, R. (2021) | China | 10 | M/F | 51.5 | 487,197 | HF 4,208 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Han, Y. (2021) | China | 11.2 | M/F | 51.2 | 461,047 |
IHD 34,304 Stroke 37,727 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Tsai, Ming-Chieh (2021) | Taiwan, China | 14.3 | M/F | 43 | 6,042 | CVD 520 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Dimovski, K. (2019) | Sweden | 18 | M | 57.88 | 26,333 | CHD 3,417 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Diaz-Gutierrez, J. (2018) | Spain | 10.4 | M/F | 37.32 | 19,336 | CVD 140 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Lv, J. (2017) | China | 7.2 | M/F | 50.7 | 461,211 |
CHD 3,331 Stroke 19,348 IHD 21,857 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Larsson, S. C. (2016 CSM) | Sweden | 13 | M | 59.3 | 33,966 | HF 1,488 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Larsson, S. C. (2016 SMC) | Sweden | 13 | F | 60.9 | 30,713 | HF 1,096 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Chomistek, A. K. (2015) | US | 20 | M/F | 37.1 | 88,940 | CHD 456 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Del Gobbo, L. C. (2015) | US | 21.5 | M/F | 72 | 4,490 | HF 1,380 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Akesson, A. (2014) | Sweden | 11 | M | 58 | 20,721 | MI 1,361 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Agha, G. (2014) | US | 11 | M/F | 63.54 | 84,537 | HF 1,826 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Larsson, S. C. (2014) | Sweden | 10.4 | F | 60.95 | 31,696 | Stroke 1,554 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Carlsson, A.C. (2013) | Sweden | 10.85 | M/F | 60 | 3,741 | CVD 375 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ahmed, H. M. (2013) | US | 7.6 | M/F | 64 | 6,229 | CHD 358 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P. (2013) | Netherlands | 12 | M/F | 42 | 14,639 |
CVD 607 CVD mortality 129 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Wang, Y. (2011) | Finland | 14.1 | M/F | 46.31 | 38,075 | HF 1,083 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Zhang, Y. (2011) | Finland | 13.7 | M/F | 45.81 | 36,686 | Stroke 1,478 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Ford, E. S. (2009) | Germany | 7.8 | M/F | 49.3 | 23,153 |
Stroke 195 MI 214 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Cardi, M. (2009) | US | 37 | M/F | 61.27 | 963 | CVD 249 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Lee, C. D. (2009) | US | 30 | M | 44.13 | 23,657 |
CHD 482 CVD mortality 306 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Myint, P. K. (2009) | UK | 11.5 | M/F | 58.27 | 20,040 | Stroke 599 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Kurth, T. (2006) | US | 10 | F | 54.6 | 37,636 | Stroke 450 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Troeschel, A. N. (2023) | US | 10.3 | M/F | 64.4 | 18,484 | CVD mortality 1,216 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Wang, T. (2022) | China | 6 | M/F | 59.1 | 11,247 | CVD mortality 375 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Hu, P. (2022) | China | 4 | M/F | 58.36 | 11,395 | CVD mortality 64 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Kim, S. (2022) | Korea | 9.6 | F | 70.6 | 3,034 | CVD mortality 137 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Ibsen, D. B. (2021) | Denmark | 17 | M/F | 56.1 | 54,276 | CVD mortality 1,753 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Li, Z. (2021) | US | 22 | F | 61.36 | 33,155 | CVD mortality 6,574 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Liu, G. (2021) | China | 10 | M/F | 87.5 | 15,349 | CVD mortality 1,010 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Sotos-Prieto, M. (2021) | Spain | 8.7 | M/F | 46.45 | 11,090 | CVD mortality 74 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Troeschel, A. N. (2021) | US | 10.3 | M/F | 64.2 | 17,465 | CVD mortality 1,170 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Zhang, X. (2021) | China | 2.4 | M/F | 55.9 | 903,499 | CVD mortality 3,474 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Lee, D. H. (2020) | Korea | 6.01 | M/F | 50.62 | 37,472 | CVD mortality 213 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Wu, M. Y. (2020) | China | 12.13 | M/F | 56.4 | 331,457 | CVD mortality 3,143 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Bonaccio, M. (2019) | Italy | 8.2 | M/F | 47.7 | 22,839 | CVD mortality 444 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Zhu, N. (2019) | China | 10.2 | M/F | 51.5 | 487,198 |
IHD mortality 5,116 Stroke mortality 6,081 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Han, C. (2018) | China | 7.24 | M/F | 51.64 | 93,987 | CVD mortality 1,383 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Li, Y. (2018) | US | 27.2 | M/F | 48.96 | 123,219 | CVD mortality 10,689 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Zhang, Q. L. (2017) | China | 9.29 | M | 55.34 | 59,747 | CVD mortality 1,637 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Fazel-Tabar Malekshah, A. (2016) | Iran | 8.08 | M/F | 51.54 | 40,708 | CVD mortality 1,407 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Lohse, T. (2016) | Switzerland | 21.7 | M/F | 46.05 | 13,159 | CVD mortality 828 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Warren Andersen, S. (2016 AF) | US | 7 | M/F | 51 | 79,101 | CVD mortality 1,462 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Warren Andersen, S. (2016 WH) | US | 7 | M/F | 51 | 79,101 | CVD mortality 587 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Taheri, Shahrad (2015 EU) | Europe | 21 | M/F | 53.05 | 1,065 | CVD mortality 243 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Taheri, Shahrad (2015 SA) | South Asia | 21 | M/F | 50.78 | 970 | CVD mortality 328 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Hoevenaar-Blom, M. P. (2014) | Netherlands | 12 | M/F | 42 | 171,866 | CVD mortality 129 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Eguchi, E. (2012) | Japan | 16.5 | M/F | 56.1 | 43,010 |
CVD mortality 1,907 CHD mortality 402 Stroke mortality 849 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Ford, E. S. (2011) | US | 14 | M/F | 46.75 | 15,416 | CVD mortality 1,182 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| McCullough, M. L. (2011) | US | 14 | M/F | 63.6 | 52,670 | CVD mortality 5,628 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Odegaard, A. O. (2011) | Singapore | 20.6 | M/F | 55.3 | 44,056 | CVD mortality 1,971 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Kvaavik, E. (2010) | England, Wales, and Scotland | 20 | M/F | 43.7 | 4,886 | CVD mortality 431 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Mitchell, J. A. (2010) | US | 16.1 | M | 43.8 | 38,110 | CVD mortality 949 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Nechuta, S. J. (2010) | China | 9.1 | F | 52.19 | 71,243 | CVD mortality 605 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Lee, C. D. (2009) | US | 30 | M | 44.13 | 23,657 | CVD mortality 306 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Khaw, K. T. (2008) | UK | 11 | M/F | 58.13 | 20,244 | CVD mortality 676 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Knoops, K. T. (2004) | Europe | 10 | M/F | 74.24 | 2,339 | CVD mortality 371 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Luoto, R. (1998) | Finland | 15 | M/F | 39.5 | 18,974 | CVD mortality 1,005 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| Studies on CVD recurrence, mortality and all-cause mortality among individuals with CVD | ||||||||||||
| Yang, Y. L. (2021) | Taiwan, China | 2.23 | M/F | 66.5 | 716 | CVD recurrence 175 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Booth, J. N. (2014) | US | 4.3 | M/F | 68.77 | 4,174 |
CHD recurrence 448 All-cause mortality 746 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
| Towfighi, A. (2012) | US | 6 | M/F | 67 | 388 |
CVD mortality 126 All-cause mortality 208 |
✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Han, Y. (2021) | China | 11.2 | M/F | 51.2 | 461,047 | All-cause mortality 12,597 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Abbreviations CVD, cardiovascular disease; LB, lifestyle behaviors; PA, physical activity; US, United States; M, male; F, female; HF, heart failure; IHD, ischemic heart disease; CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; UK, United Kingdom; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; AF, African American; WH, White; CSM, Cohort of Swedish Men; SMC, Swedish Mammography Cohort