Table 1.
The 19 values in the Schwartz PVQa organized into 10 basic values and 4 higher-order values.
| Values (n=19) | Basic values (n=10) | Higher-order values (n=4) |
| Self-direction (thought)—thinking creatively and independently | Self-direction—thinking and acting independently | Openness to change—pursuing intellectual and experiential openness |
| Self-direction (action)—acting independently and choosing own goals | —b | — |
| Stimulation—seeking excitement and novelty | Stimulation—seeking excitement, novelty, and challenge | — |
| Hedonism—pleasure and sensuous gratification | Hedonism—pleasure and sensuous gratification | — |
| Achievement—success according to social standards | Achievement—personal success through demonstrating competence | Self-enhancement—pursuing personal status and dominance over others |
| Power (dominance)—power through exercising control over people | Power—social status and prestige, control, or dominance over people and resources | — |
| Power (resources)—power through control of material and social resources | — | — |
| Face—protecting one’s public image and avoiding humiliation | — | — |
| Security (personal)—safety in one's immediate environment | Security—safety, harmony, and stability of society, relationships, and self | Conservation—pursuing order, self-restriction, and preservation of the past |
| Security (societal)—safety and stability in the wider society | — | — |
| Conformity (rules)—compliance with rules, laws, and formal obligations | Conformity—restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses | — |
| Conformity (interpersonal)—avoidance of upsetting or harming others | — | — |
| Tradition—maintaining and preserving cultural, family, or religious traditions | Tradition—respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas of traditional culture and religion | — |
| Humility—recognizing one’s insignificance in the larger scheme of things | — | — |
| Benevolence (care)—devotion to the welfare of ingroup members | Benevolence—preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent personal contact | Self-transcendence—pursuing the welfare of others and transcending selfish concerns |
| Benevolence (dependability)—being a reliable and trustworthy member of the ingroup | — | — |
| Universalism (tolerance)—accepting and understanding those who are different | Universalism—understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature | — |
| Universalism (concern)—commitment to equality, justice, and protection for all people | — | — |
| Universalism (nature)—preservation of the natural environment | — | — |
aPVQ: Portrait Values Questionnaire.
bNot applicable.