| Graphene |
• Used as adsorbent in analytical sample preparation due to large surface area, π-electron rich surface and good thermal and chemical stability, used as solid phase extractor also. |
189–192
|
|
• Used as matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. |
193
|
|
• Used for the encapsulation of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, improving significantly the cycling performance of particles as anode in rechargeable Li metal batteries (RLBs). |
194
|
|
• Graphene-modified electrode is applied in selective determination of dopamine, eliminating ascorbic acid, its used as ink for 3D printing. |
195
|
| Graphene oxide |
• Used as super capacitors. |
196
|
|
• Used as membranes, adsorbents, medicines, biology sensors for hydrogen, nitrogen, ultra-sensitive sensor for environmental monitoring. |
197 and 198
|
|
• Used as microwave absorbers for electromagnetic interference for environmental protection. |
199
|
|
• Used for the detection of nucleic acid, is done by tagging GO with fluorescent-labeled ssDNA. |
200
|
| Reduced graphene oxide |
• Used as conductive transport coatings. |
201
|
|
• Used as electric interconnects on flexible substrates, organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), and active elements (field effect transistors). |
202
|
|
• Used in dye sensitized solar cells based on liquid electrolytes, photo-catalyst as binders, catalyst, and lithium batteries. |
203 and 204
|
| Graphyne |
• Used as nanofilers, transistors, sensors, semiconductor metal hybrids, anisotropic conductors, and desalinators. |
37
|
| Graphdiyne |
• Used as field effect transistors and sensors. |
205 and 206
|
| Graphone |
• Used in inorganic ferroelectronics and molecular packing. |
37
|
| Graphane |
• Hydrogen storage, biosensing, and spintronics. |
207
|
| Fluorogaphene |
• Graphite fluoride (GrF) batteries, metal free catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction |
30
|
|
• Fabrication of sensor for ascorbic acid and uric acid, biosensor for NaDH and dopamine. |
208
|
|
• Used for solar cell production. |
209
|
|
• Used as metal free catalyst for oxygen reduction reactions. |
210
|
|
• Utilized as metal free contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging. |
211
|
|
• Utilized for cellular imaging to display enhances in photostability at different pH values against singlet oxygen evolving during excitation. |
30
|
| Graphene based nanomaterials |
• Used as receptors (antibody, single-stranded DNA,enzyme) combined with target ions, molecules, nucleic acid, photo-thermal therapy. |
212
|
|
• Used in bone tissue engineering. |
213
|
|
• Graphene based platinum is most widely used in oxygen reduction reaction as catalyst for fuel cells. |
214
|
|
• Hetero atom doped graphene prevent the loss of active sites by reducing dissolution of Ostwald ripening. |
215
|
|
• Helping to strengthen the bond between doped graphene and metal catalyst. |
216
|
|
• Nitrogen doped graphene potential substitute is used as catalyst for metals in alkaline condition thereby, improving the kinetics which is limited by intermediates formed in the two-electron pathways. |
217
|
|
• Boron doped graphene using spin-dopant method is used to provide an impurity source for semiconductor junction fabrication. |
218
|
|
• Used for water splitting. |
219
|
|
• Used as photocatalyst, CdS/GO is used as visible-light-absorbing photocatalyst. |
220
|
