Table 6.
Models for rehabilitation service delivery.
| Mode | Studies using this model, N (%) | Most frequent countries (%) | Mean age (SD) | Studies' sex predominance (%)a | Most frequent health condition areas (%) | Most frequent health conditions (%) | Multimorbidity, N (%)b | Decline in functional ability, N (%)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outpatient | 87 (30.7) | Netherlands (16.3) USA (9.8) Australia (8.7) China (6.5) |
69.2 (9.3) | Females (39.1) Balanced (33.3) Males (24.1) |
Neurological (33.9) Cardiovascular (20.3) Musculoskeletal (20.3) |
Stroke (19.7) Coronary heart disease (9.8) Cognitive impairment (8.2) COPD (6.6) |
6 (6.9) | 25 (28.7) |
| Telerehabilitation | 80 (28.3) | USA (20) Australia (9.4) China (7.1) Italy (7.1) |
66.6 (8.4) | Balanced (33.8) Females (32.5) Males (32.5) |
Cardiovascular (37.5) Neurological (23.4) Musculoskeletal (15.6) |
Heart failure (16.7) COPD (10.6) Cardiovascular disease not specified (9.1) Coronary heart disease (9.1) |
1 (1.3) | 16 (20.0) |
| Home | 67 (23.7) | Australia (11.9) China (11.9) Denmark (6) Finland (6) |
74.4 (7.8) | Females (56.7) Balanced (22.4) Males (17.9) |
Musculoskeletal (38.5) Neurological (38.5) Cardiovascular (12.8) |
Stroke (35.9) Hip fracture or post hip arthroplasty (25.6) Osteoarthritis (12.8) Coronary heart disease (10.3) |
4 (6.0) | 26 (38.8) |
| Community | 59 (20.9) | USA (12.7) China (11.1) UK (11.1) Australia (9.5) |
69.6 (8.8) | Females (54.2) Males (8.5) |
Neurological (32.1) Balanced (23.7) Respiratory (14.3) |
Stroke (28.6) COPD (14.3) Cardiovascular (21.4) Hip fracture or post hip arthroplasty (10.7) Chronic pain (7.1) |
5 (8.5) | 27 (45.8) |
| Inpatient | 53 (18.7) | USA (18.9) China (17) Netherlands (13.2) Australia (7.5) |
74.5 (8.4) | Balanced (39.6) Females (35.9) Males (18.9) |
Neurological (50) Musculoskeletal (30.6) Cardiovascular (11.1) |
Stroke (44.4) Hip fracture or post hip arthroplasty (22.2) COVID-19 (5.6) Cognitive impairment (5.6) |
2 (3.8) | 17 (32.1) |
| Eldercare | 17 (6.0) | Japan (17.6) USA (17.6) Australia (11.8) Korea (11.8) |
79.8 (5.6) | Females (70.6) Males (29.4) |
Neurological (66.7) Metabolic (16.7) Respiratory (16.7) |
Cognitive impairment (50) COPD (16.7) Sarcopenia (16.7) Stroke (16.7) |
0 (0) | 11 (64.7) |
| Mode | Level of care (%) | Health workers (%) | Multidisciplinary, N (%)f | Task shifting, N (%)g | Integrated care, N (%) | Most frequent rehabilitation interventions (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outpatient | Primary health care (18.4) Specialized health care (51.7) Levels of care combination (29.9) |
Nurse (20.7) Physical therapist (19.7) Occupational therapist (10.8) Psychologist (6.9) |
32 (36.8) | 9 (10.3) | 34 (39.1) | Therapeutic exercise (11.3) Education for selfcare (8.6) Assessment person-centred goals (8.4) Follow up (6.7) Assessment functional ability (4.9) Case management (3.9) Multicomponent rehabilitation (3.2) |
| Telerehabilitation | Primary health care (17.5) Specialized health care (72.5) Levels of care combination (10) |
Nurse (22.7) Physical therapist (19.5) Occupational therapist (9.4) Other physicians (9.4)d |
11 (13.8) | 10 (12.5) | 6 (7.5) | Therapeutic exercise (15.2) Education for selfcare (11.2) Monitoring of health status (7.6) Assessment person-centred goals (7.3) Follow up (7) Monitoring of functional ability or intrinsic capacity (3.9) Motivational interventions (3.2) |
| Home | Primary health care (35.8) Specialized health care (31.3) Levels of care combination (32.8) |
Physical therapist (26.2) Nurse (14) Occupational therapist (16.5) Other physicians (6.1)d |
27 (40) | 11 (16.4) | 30 (44.8) | Therapeutic exercise (9.3) Assessment person-centred goals (9.1) Follow up (6.2) Assessment functional ability (5.7) Education for selfcare (5.7) Multicomponent rehabilitation (3.9) Training on activities of daily living (3.2) |
| Community | Primary health care (81.4) Specialized health care (8.5) Levels of care combination (10.2) |
Physical therapist (20.4) Nurse (15) Occupational therapist (9.7) General practitioner (7.1) |
15 (25.4) | 9 (15.3) | 16 (27.1) | Therapeutic exercise (12.8) Education for selfcare (12.5) Assessment person-centred goals (8.4) Follow up (5.9) Assessment functional ability (5.1) Case management (3.3) Education for self-directed therapeutic exercise (3.3) |
| Inpatient | Specialized health care (47.2) Levels of care combination (52.8) |
Nurse (20.8) Physical therapist (19.5) Occupational therapist (15.7) Other physicians (8.2)d |
28 (52.8) | 8 (15.1) | 39 (73.6) | Discharge planning (10) Assessment person-centred goals (8) Multicomponent rehabilitation (7.7) Assessment functional ability (6.4) Follow up (6.4) Follow up (6.4) Therapeutic exercise (3.9) Rehabilitation planning and coordination (3.2) |
| Eldercare | Primary health care (35.3) Specialized health care (47.1) Levels of care combination (17.7) |
Physical therapist (21.6) Nurse (18.9) Occupational therapist (10.8) Other (10.8)e |
3 (0.83) | 3 (17.6) | 6 (35.3) | Therapeutic exercise (15.9) Assessment person-centred goals (11.1) Education for caregivers (7.9) Cognitive rehabilitation (6.3) Assessment functional ability (4.8) Case management (4.8) Multicomponent care or rehabilitation (4.8) |
a
Females: Females accounted for more than 60% of the study participants. Males: Males accounted for more than 60% of the study participants. Balanced: Neither females nor males represented more than 60% of the study population.
b
Studies in which the target population was people with multimorbidity.
c
Studies in which the target population was people with a decline in functional ability, functioning, fragility, or sarcopenia. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; USA, United States of America; UK, United Kingdom.
d
Other physicians included, neurologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists, neurosurgeons, radiologists, orthopaedic surgeons, and other physicians not specified.
e
Other health workers included, pharmacists, podiatrists, dance instructors, rehabilitation scientists, optometrists, home care assistants, music therapists, therapist assistants or students, gerontologists, researchers, health and welfare officers and multidisciplinary teams, mental health workers or therapists not specified.
f
Multidisciplinary team defined as more than 3 health workers.
g
Included role or task shifting or sharing.