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. 2023 Jul 25;49(4):233–240. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2023-104639

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© American Society of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, an indication of whether changes were made, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Durability of breadth and depth of treatment response with closed-loop and open-loop SCS ECAP treatment (Tx) was defined by neural activation (mode ECAP) and accuracy (RMSE), as well as system utilization. CL-SCS provided statistically significant greater neural activation and accuracy at all time points (depicted in the figure). Both arms had high system utilization greater than 80% at all time points (3 months (closed-loop 88%, open-loop 92%); 12 months (closed-loop 82%, open-loop 83%); 24 months (closed-loop 86%, open-loop 82%)). CL-SCS, closed-loop SCS; ECAP, evoked compound action potentials; MCID, minimal clinical important difference; RMSE, root mean square error; SCS, spinal cord stimulation; VAS, Visual Analog Scale.