Table 5.
Summary of available evidence for physical activity interventions categorised by intervention type, findings and evidence quality
| Theme | Subtheme | Soccer | Group outdoor exercise | Group indoor multimodal | Individual multimodal | |||||||
| Group training | Tournament | Training + Tournament | Outdoor adventure | Running | Gardening | Instructor-led dance | Instructor-led exercise | Aerobic-based dance | Pedometer + step count | Earn-a-bike | ||
| Mental health | Self-development and coping |
|
|
 † |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
| Independence, focus, personal development/relationships |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Feeling better mentally |
|
|
 † |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
| Physical health | Improved body shape/weight |
 * |
|
|
||||||||
| Physical condition (fitness and physical skill levels) |
 * |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
| Become more physically active |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Improved bone health |
|
|||||||||||
| Improved blood markers—cholesterol |
|
|||||||||||
| Wider life benefits | Interpersonal skills and social connectedness |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
| Catalyst for healthy life |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
| Practical and functional (employment/education/travel) |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Medication/self-medication/addiction | Reduced need for prescribed medication |
|
||||||||||
| Positive impact on addiction issues |
|
|
|
|||||||||
| Challenges associated with participation | Homeless lifestyle a barrier to participation |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
| Tournament participation can increase stress |
|
|
||||||||||
| Poor performance negatively impacts sense of self |
|
|
||||||||||
Very low quality evidence.
Low quality evidence.
Moderate quality evidence.
High quality evidence.
Qualitative evidence.
Quantitative evidence.
*Additional qualitative evidence, but of lower quality.
†Additional quantitative evidence, but of lower quality.