Sources and usage of CD.

Saccharides	Natural source	Applications	Advantage	Disadvantage	Ref.
CD	β-Cyclo-dextrin	Anti-inflammatory, without the use of surfactants and solvents to produce VOCs, HP-β-CD may be a better environmental choice	The addition of either free or encapsulated essential oil components to particulate matter exposed cells decreased up to 96% of the cytokine IL-6 level and by up to 87% of the cytokine IL-8 leve	It should be investigated on other essential oils with more careful measurement	78
	β-Cyclo-dextrin	Anti-inflammatory, the gel is formulated with tobramycin and borneol/mono-6-(2-hydroxy-3(trimethylammonium)propyl)-β-cyclodextrin (BN/EPTAC-β-CD) to promote rapid wound healing	The positively charged cyclodextrin derivatives containing the auxiliary drug borneol are dispersed inside the hydrogel by electrostatic attraction with carboxyl groups, imine bonds can break in response thereby drugs and moisture inside the hydrogel are released to promote wound healing	It has only been investigated in weakly acidic environments	79
	β-Cyclo-dextrin	Anti-inflammatory, made a bandage for wounds using a type of gel that included eugenol and β-CD, the bandage was more stable and able to dissolve in water easily	β-Cyclodextrin accelerated diabetic wound healing by reducing the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1/nuclear factor kappa-B-induced dysfunction in endothelial cells and promoting angiogenesis	Eugenol is poorly soluble, pungent smelling, and volatile, thus preventing its clinical use as a potential therapeutic agent	223
	Caryophyllene enclosed in M-β-CD	Anti-inflammatory, apart from reducing inflammation, caryophyllene also works as an antioxidant to protect the stomach lining	Caryophyllene also acts as an antioxidant to protect the lining of the stomach	Antiproliferative, anti-migratory, cytotoxic, and pro-apoptotic effects of OEO-PbH may lead to the drying and falling off of the skin tags	223 and 247
	β-Cyclo-dextrin	Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties of cinnamaldehyde are found in β-CD. The findings show that β-CD helps cinnamaldehyde remain stable even after 3 weeks, similar to the effect of free cinnamaldehyde	β-Cyclo-dextrin has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, similar to those of tCIN when used alone	tCIN self-inclusion in the β-CD polymer did not elevate the toxicity to more than that of tCIN alone	248
	Methylated-β-cyclodextrin	Antimicrobial, a chemical called cinnamaldehyde was trapped in cyclodextrins and is used as a wound dressing along with antibiotics	Methylated/β-CD improved the antibacterial activities of the mixture against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus	Highest effective antibacterial activities of PLA/β-CD/CA-3 for E. coli and S. aureus were preserved for 60 h	225
	Combination of cinnamaldehyde with different CDs	Antimicrobial, a combination of cinnamaldehyde with different CDs was used to produce nanofibers with antibacterial properties. The complex containing cinnamaldehyde/HP-β-CD was inhibited at 4.83 cm	Cinnamaldehyde has kept its antibacterial activity in cinnamaldehyde/CD-IC NF samples when tested against Escherichia coli	Pure cinnamaldehyde is insoluble in water in nature, cinnamaldehyde is a highly volatile compound	226
	Limonene/M-β-CD	Antimicrobial, nanofibers with linalool/M-β-CD inclusion complex are the most stable and effective in the slow release of drugs, showing that it is better at killing bacteria. E. coli and S. aureus	CD/limonene-IC-NFs exhibited high antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus	It can be used for a short time period	249
	Three different types of modified CDs	Antimicrobial, strong immunity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus	Characteristics of liquid linalool have been preserved in a solid nanofiber form and designed CD/linalool-IC-NFs confer high loading capacity, enhanced shelf life and strong antibacterial activity of linalool	The limitation of this test is related to the fact that it has been evaluated only for Gram-positive bacteria	227
	Thymol/β-CDs	Antimicrobial, research results show that thymol is mainly absorbed from the stomach and poorly absorbed from the small intestine. Encapsulation compounds support the movement of thymol throughout the digestive tract, causing more thymol to build up on the surface of the intestine. This could potentially help thymol fight against bacterial intestinal problems	The ingredients in the capsule support the movement of thymol throughout the digestive tract and cause more thymol to accumulate on the surface of the gut, which can help thymol fight against bacterial problems in the gut	Thymol is mainly absorbed from the stomach and poorly absorbed from the small intestine	228
	Thymol withβ-CDs	Antimicrobial, the tests conducted on free limonene showed that it is effective against S. Bacteria Aureus and P are two things. When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is combined with gentamicin, there is a beneficial interaction	The tests conducted on free limonene showed that it is effective against S. Bacteria aureus and P are two things	When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is combined with gentamicin, there is a beneficial interaction	229
	Carvacrol/β-CD	Pain control activity, while the control group showed high signs of pain and inflammation, when the group was given carvacrol/β-CD with complex or dexamethasone. There was a similar ability to reduce pain in most cases	βCD-carvacrol reduces inflammation and nociception in a model of acute injury to skeletal muscles	Not reported	230
	Carvacrol/β-CD	Pain control activity, administration of free carvacrol was ineffective in the first phase of the response (neurogenic) but the carvacrol/β-CD combination reduced pain	The encapsulation of carvacrol in β-cyclodextrin can act as a considerable therapeutic agent for orofacial pain management	The low polarity and water solubility limit their pharmacological uses	231
	Mixture of citronellal and β-CD	Pain control activity, by citronellal interacting with glutamate receptors, activates a pathway that stops signals from going up to the brain. Normally, these medicines make your muscles stronger	By interacting with glutamate receptors, citronella activates a pathway that stops signals from going up to the brain, so these drugs make your muscles stronger	β-CD poor solubility and their applications are limited	232
	Limonene combined with β-CD	Pain control activity, the combination of these drugs reduces the severity of spinal symptoms by reducing the amount of Fos protein. Its pain-relieving effect is related to its interaction with certain receptors in the brain	βCP reduced hyperalgesia produced by a chronic muscle pain model. The inhibition of the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord lamina I is involved in this process, possibly evoked by CNS activation, specifically the descending inhibitory pain system	The βCP curve showed an endothermic event in the range of 165–47 °C	250
	Linalool and β-CD combination	Pain control activity, linalool/β-CD inclusion complex helps reduce stomach damage using small doses of linalool, and the analgesic effect of the inclusion complex lasts for 24 hours after administration, while the effects of the free linalool didn't last as long because it was more easily absorbed and stable in the inclusion complex	LIN-CD improved the analgesic profile of LIN with the possible involvement of descending pain pathways and the analgesic effect of linalool in an animal model of chronic non-inflammatory muscle pain	So far, only the investigations in animal models of inflammatory pain and supraspinatus have been published	251
	Carvacrol enclosed in β-CD	Anti-hypertensive therapy when carvacrol was combined with β-CD, a decrease in blood pressure. Additionally, the combination of carvacrol and β-CD may reduce inflammation, lower blood pressure, and treat high blood pressure	Encapsulation of CARV in β-CD can improve cardiovascular activity, showing potential anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive effects	low polarity and water solubility, which restricts its pharmacological	235
	Borneol encapsulated with SBE-β-CDs	Antioxidant activity, borneol/SBE-β-CD leads to the opening of the blood–brain barrier. The absorption of this drug in the brain is increased when combined with tetramethylpyrazine, contributing to the protection of this drug against middle cerebral artery occlusion	The solubility of DMY was significantly improved in the presence of natural (α-, β-, γ-) CDs and their derivatives, namely hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)	Poor water solubility and low chemical stability, its applications in food and pharmaceutical fields remain limited	237
	FA is combined with b-CD	Anti-tumor, when FA is combined with b-CyD using a PEG spacer, it helps rhodamine-B enter KB cells, which are a type of human squamous carcinoma cell (FR-a (+)). However, this combination does not have the same effect on MCF7 cells, which are human breast cancer cells (FR-a (−)). When b-CyD is combined with FA using a click chemistry strategy, it forms a small particle in water with 5-fluorouracil. This particle can enter cells that have a lot of FR-a proteins without needing clathrin or GPI-anchored proteins	CD/FA nanoparticles with excellent long-term optical properties have great prospects for the development of targeting tracers and anti-tumor biomedical research	This combination does not have the same effect on MCF7 cells, which are human breast cancer cells (FR-a (−))	243
	CDs with folate attached to them	Anti-tumor, DOX complex had similar abilities to fight tumors both in lab dishes and in living organisms	These findings suggest that DOX-β-CyD could be useful as a tumor-selective carrier for anticancer drugs	β-Cyclodextrin poor solubility, volatility and sensitivity to environmental factors pose challenges for formulation scientists	244 and 252