. 2024 Apr 24;132(4):047701. doi: 10.1289/EHP14120

Table 1.

Summary of environmental chemicals detected in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pairs from 180 adults in Guangzhou, China, 2022–2023.

Chemical	LOD	Serum (ng/mL)				CSF (ng/mL)
Chemical	LOD	DF	Min	Median (IQR)	Max	DF	Min	Median (IQR)	Max
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFBA	0.02	68	<LOD	0.17 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.27$ )	0.70	35	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.075$ )	0.32
PFHxA	0.007	57	<LOD	0.14 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.57$ )	6.90	35	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.016$ )	0.18
PFHpA	0.004	97	<LOD	0.25 (0.18–0.37)	1.82	47	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.020$ )	0.80
PFOA	0.003	100	0.74	7.2 (4.7–11.7)	91.3	97	<LOD	0.042 (0.022–0.099)	0.87
PFNA	0.010	100	0.15	1.1 (0.79–2.0)	6.91	22	<LOD	<LOD (<LOD to <LOD)	0.41
PFDA	0.002	100	0.13	0.89 (0.47–1.6)	7.26	31	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.003$ )	0.13
PFUdA	0.002	100	0.053	0.81 (0.41–1.9)	12.5	46	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.005$ )	0.14
PFDoA	0.002	100	0.004	0.092 (0.047–0.18)	0.88	18	<LOD	<LOD (<LOD to <LOD)	0.03
PFBS	0.003	88	<LOD	0.022 (0.011–0.040)	0.36	64	<LOD	0.004 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.009$ )	0.03
PFHxS	0.002	100	0.14	0.92 (0.51–1.6)	9.98	86	<LOD	0.006 (0.003–0.012)	0.19
PFHpS	0.004	98	<LOD	0.10 (0.059–0.20)	0.78	47	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.007$ )	0.04
PFOS	0.02	100	0.731	10.5 (6.6–20.8)	70.2	47	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.043$ )	2.03
6:2 Cl-PFESA	0.001	100	0.075	2.0 (0.99–3.8)	22.2	78	<LOD	0.001 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.002$ )	0.38
Organophosphate esters
TBP	0.02	78	<LOD	0.26 (0.024–0.60)	25.2	83	<LOD	0.16 (0.040–0.31)	6.97
TPHP	0.02	85	<LOD	0.10 (0.037–0.23)	4.04	68	<LOD	0.029 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.11$ )	0.46
TCIPP	0.34	67	<LOD	1.7 ( $less than limit of detection to 5.4$ )	38.6	52	<LOD	0.54 ( $less than limit of detection to 2.6$ )	67.2
Personal care products
MeP	0.01	100	0.062	0.61 (0.34–1.3)	19.4	60	<LOD	0.015 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.072$ )	1.81
EtP	0.02	100	0.030	0.55 (0.32–1.1)	256	71	<LOD	0.072 ( $less than limit of detection to 2.5$ )	6.91
BuP	0.01	68	<LOD	0.014 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.027$ )	1.07	15	<LOD	<LOD (<LOD to <LOD)	0.02
TCS	0.01	89	<LOD	0.094 (0.041–0.23)	15.3	83	<LOD	0.085 (0.021–0.18)	14.0
Photoinitiators
MK	0.01	83	<LOD	0.23 (0.076–0.46)	56	71	<LOD	0.035 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.097$ )	6.66
PI-651	0.01	69	<LOD	0.29 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.85$ )	275	63	<LOD	0.022 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.072$ )	0.78
Bisphenols
BPA	0.31	27	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.40$ )	37.5	41	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.42$ )	4.04
BPF	0.03	27	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.27$ )	44.0	19	<LOD	<LOD (<LOD to <LOD)	7.67
BPS	0.01	54	<LOD	0.012 ( $less than limit of detection to 0.038$ )	2.08	48	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 0.072$ )	0.95
Phthalate ester metabolites
MMP	0.26	100	0.27	2.4 (1.5–4.9)	80.5	55	<LOD	0.42 ( $less than limit of detection to 1.1$ )	16.5
M(i)BP	0.08	76	<LOD	1.4 (0.10–3.1)	104	73	<LOD	1.2 ( $less than limit of detection to 3.1$ )	41.1
Antioxidants
BHT	0.30	78	<LOD	6.4 ( $less than limit of detection to 19.0$ )	84.6	38	<LOD	<LOD ( $less than limit of detection to 3.2$ )	48.8

Note: Quantitative analysis was conducted on an LC-30A ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph interfaced with a Triple Quad 7500 mass spectrometer (SCIEX).⁴ Detailed information on instrumental analysis is available on GitHub (https://github.com/ZL1695/EHP-SI). 6:2 Cl-PFESA, 6:2 chlorinated perfluoroalkyl ether sulfonic acid; BHT, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene; BPA, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane; BPF, $4,4 prime-dihydroxydiphenylmethane$ ; BPS, $4,4 prime-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone$ ; BuP, butyl paraben; DF, detection frequency; EtP, ethyl paraben; IQR, interquartile range; LOD, limit of detection; max, maximum; MeP, methyl paraben; M(i)BP, mono-(iso)butyl phthalate; min, minimum; MK, $4,4 prime bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone$ ; MMP, monomethyl phthalate; PFBA, perfluorobutanoic acid; PFBS, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFDA, perfluorodecanoic acid; PFDoA, perfluorododecanoic acid; PFHpA, perfluoroheptanoic acid; PFHpS, perfluoroheptanesulfonic acid; PFHxA, perfluorohexanoic acid; PFHxS, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFUdA, perfluoroundecanoic acid; PI-651, 2,2-dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone; TBP, tributyl phosphate; TCIPP, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate; TCS, triclosan; TPHP, triphenyl phosphate.