Table 2.
Overview of investigated springs and artesian groundwater wells
| Site | Id | Latitude (° N) | Longitude (° E) | Elevation (m ASL) | Well depth (m) | Type | Major ions | δ2H & δ18O | Residence time | 87Sr/86Sr | V | NG | TDC | eDNA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shibakawa | 1 | 35.3717 | 138.5672 | 715 | spring | x,o | x,o | o | o | o | x,o | x,o | o | ||
| Jimbanotaki | 2 | 35.3663 | 138.5612 | 695 | spring | x,o | x,o | o | o | o | x | x,o | x | ||
| Shiraitonotaki | 5 | 35.3128 | 138.5876 | 480 | spring | o | o | o | o | o | o | ||||
| Fujinishiki | 7 | 35.2692 | 138.5597 | 230 | spring | o | o | o | o | o | |||||
| F1 | 35.2692 | 138.5597 | 230 | 32 | well | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| Yoshimaike | 9 | 35.2231 | 138.5982 | 130 | spring | x,o | x,o | o | o | x,o | x | x,o | x | ||
| Wakutamaike | 10 | 35.2276 | 138.6108 | 120 | spring | o | o | o | o | o | o | x,o | |||
| Aoki | A | 35.2420 | 138.5910 | 140 | 550 | well | x,o | o | x | x | x,o | x | |||
| Sugita | 16 | 35.2221 | 138.6600 | 195 | spring | o | x,o | o | o | o | x | x,o | |||
| Mishuku | 63 | 35.1961 | 138.9059 | 175 | spring | o | x,o | o | o | x | x,o | ||||
| Tomizawa | 60 | 35.1662 | 138.8956 | 110 | spring | x,o | x,o | o | o | x | x,o | x | |||
| Kakitagawa | 48 | 35.1077 | 138.9003 | 15 | spring | x,o | x,o | o | o | x,o | x,o | x,o | x | ||
NG, noble gases; TDC, microbial total direct cell counts. Data for Fujinishiki are composed of data from the Fujinishiki sake brewery’s artesian well (site id: F1; all data except for major ions and Sr isotope ratios) and Fujinishiki spring (site id: 7) located next to the well.
x, this study; o, existing literature.