Table 2.

Overview of investigated springs and artesian groundwater wells

Site	Id	Latitude (° N)	Longitude (° E)	Elevation (m ASL)		Well depth (m)	Type	Major ions	δ2H & δ18O	Residence time	87Sr/86Sr	V	NG	TDC	eDNA
Shibakawa	1	35.3717	138.5672	715			spring	x,o	x,o	o	o	o	x,o	x,o	o
Jimbanotaki	2	35.3663	138.5612	695			spring	x,o	x,o	o	o	o	x	x,o	x
Shiraitonotaki	5	35.3128	138.5876	480			spring	o	o	o	o	o	o
Fujinishiki	7	35.2692	138.5597	230			spring	o	o	o	o	o
	F1	35.2692	138.5597	230	32		well		x			x		x	x
Yoshimaike	9	35.2231	138.5982	130			spring	x,o	x,o	o	o	x,o	x	x,o	x
Wakutamaike	10	35.2276	138.6108	120			spring	o	o	o	o	o	o	x,o
Aoki	A	35.2420	138.5910	140	550		well	x,o	o			x	x	x,o	x
Sugita	16	35.2221	138.6600	195			spring	o	x,o	o	o	o	x	x,o
Mishuku	63	35.1961	138.9059	175			spring	o	x,o	o		o	x	x,o
Tomizawa	60	35.1662	138.8956	110			spring	x,o	x,o	o		o	x	x,o	x
Kakitagawa	48	35.1077	138.9003	15			spring	x,o	x,o	o	o	x,o	x,o	x,o	x

NG, noble gases; TDC, microbial total direct cell counts. Data for Fujinishiki are composed of data from the Fujinishiki sake brewery’s artesian well (site id: F1; all data except for major ions and Sr isotope ratios) and Fujinishiki spring (site id: 7) located next to the well.

x, this study; o, existing literature.