Table II.
Metabolic profiles of sulfur deficiency
R, Ratioa of average relative concentration at depleted sulfur (−S) to average relative concentration at normal S; c1 and c2, constitutive starvation time points 1 and 2; i1 and i2, induced starvation time points 1 and 2; SpPh, spectrophotometry; DH-, dehydro-; GI, glucosinolate; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; alc, alcohol.
| Compound | Method | Class | R c1 | R c2 | R i1 | R i2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ala | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.28 | 2.14 | 1.05 | 2.18 |
| Arg | GC-MS | Amino acid | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 0.23 |
| Asn | GC-MS | Amino acid | 3.04 | 3.65 | 2.77 | 2.28 |
| Aspartic | GC-MS | Amino acid | 0.62 | 0.89 | 1.46 | 0.59 |
| β-Ala | GC-MS | Amino acid | 3.56 | 3.87 | 4.29 | 3.28 |
| 4-Aminobutyric | GC-MS | Amino acid | 3.03 | 1.80 | 2.34 | 1.94 |
| Glutamic | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.26 | 0.81 | 1.02 | 1.13 |
| Gln | GC-MS | Amino acid | 5.20 | 6.75 | 3.10 | 4.18 |
| Gly | GC-MS | Amino acid | 2.63 | 1.21 | 8.92 | 1.20 |
| Homoserine | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.41 | 1.09 | 1.99 | 1.38 |
| Ile | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.80 | 1.33 | 1.99 | 2.27 |
| Lys | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.28 | 1.10 | 1.40 | 1.00 |
| Met | GC-MS | Amino acid | 0.81 | 0.75 | 1.43 | 0.85 |
| N-Acetylserine | GC-MS | Amino acid | 9.21 | 10.60 | 2.63 | 2.22 |
| OASb | GC-MS | Amino acid | 24.22 | 14.48 | 8.53 | 3.71 |
| Orn | GC-MS | Amino acid | 0.06 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.06 |
| Phe | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.99 | 1.01 | 1.92 | 1.16 |
| Pro | LC-MS | Amino acid | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.19 | 0.74 |
| Oxoproline | LC-MS | Amino acid | 0.87 | 3.72 | 0.37 | 0.71 |
| t-4-HO-Pro | GC-MS | Amino acid | 3.45 | 3.58 | 2.64 | 2.35 |
| Pyroglutamic | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.44 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 1.30 |
| Serb | GC-MS | Amino acid | 2.60 | 1.99 | 2.51 | 2.25 |
| Thr | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.86 | 1.35 | 2.05 | 1.47 |
| Trpb | GC-MS | Amino acid | 28.31 | 7.06 | 16.60 | 5.67 |
| Val | GC-MS | Amino acid | 1.96 | 1.41 | 2.01 | 1.76 |
| Aconitic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 2.04 | 1.05 | 1.03 | 0.68 |
| α-Ketoglutaric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.43 | 0.98 | 1.84 | 1.40 |
| Allantoin | GC-MS | Organic acid | 6.12 | 4.77 | 15.09 | 5.57 |
| Benzoic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.00 | 0.84 | 2.22 | 0.82 |
| Citric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.76 | 1.00 | 1.41 | 0.60 |
| c-Sinapic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.34 | 0.85 | 1.44 | 1.04 |
| DH-ascorbic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.75 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.61 |
| Fumaric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.79 | 0.82 | 2.27 | 1.12 |
| Galactonic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.78 | 0.89 | 1.30 | 0.64 |
| Gluconic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.78 | 1.05 | 2.17 | 0.60 |
| Glucuronic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.03 | 0.95 | 1.09 | 0.90 |
| Glutaric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.12 | 0.87 | 0.22 | 0.82 |
| Glyceric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.31 | 0.56 | 3.12 | 1.39 |
| Gulonic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.28 | 1.02 | 1.26 | 1.08 |
| Maleic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.39 | 0.66 | 1.24 | 0.21 |
| Malic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.41 | 0.64 | 2.04 | 1.14 |
| Nicotinic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.73 | 1.01 | 1.65 | 0.75 |
| Phosphoric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 2.05 | 1.68 | 1.32 | 1.73 |
| Phosphoric methyl ester | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.53 | 1.61 | 1.38 | 0.66 |
| Shikimic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.81 | 1.30 | 1.08 | 1.05 |
| Succinic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.03 | 0.63 | 1.53 | 0.86 |
| t-Ferulic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.33 | 0.85 | 1.50 | 0.91 |
| Threonic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 0.89 | 0.83 | 2.00 | 1.32 |
| t-Sinapic | GC-MS | Organic acid | 1.35 | 0.79 | 1.54 | 0.92 |
| Uric | GC-MS | Organic acid | 10.60 | 1.05 | 5.81 | 1.05 |
| Urea | GC-MS | Urea | 2.42 | 2.03 | 2.85 | 2.17 |
| GI_437 | LC-MS | GI aliphatic | 1.48 | 0.001 | 0.25 | 0.001 |
| GI_478 | LC-MS | GI indolyl | 0.16 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.03 |
| GI_493 | LC-MS | GI aralkyl | 0.05 | 0.003 | 0.07 | 0.001 |
| Hydroxylamine | GC-MS | Amine | 0.06 | 0.88 | 0.57 | 0.05 |
| Noradrenalin | GC-MS | Amine | 2.47 | 2.40 | 4.10 | 3.18 |
| Norvaline | GC-MS | Amine | 0.98 | 0.39 | 0.83 | 1.10 |
| Putrescine | GC-MS | Amine | 5.15 | 8.75 | 8.87 | 2.61 |
| Tyramine | GC-MS | Amine | 1.14 | 4.50 | 1.19 | 0.95 |
| SAH (AdoHcy) | LC-MS | Nucleoside | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.11 | 1.23 |
| SAM (AdoMet) | LC-MS | Nucleoside | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 0.03 |
| Sulfurb | ICP-AES | Chemical element | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.30 |
| Glutathioneb | HPLC | Peptide | 0.10 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Chlorophyll a | LC-MS | Chlorophyll | 0.52 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
| Chlorophyll b | LC-MS | Chlorophyll | 0.64 | 0.43 | 0.57 | 0.58 |
| Chlorophyll total | SpPh | Chlorophyll | 0.63 | 0.35 | 0.85 | 0.56 |
| Hydroxypheo_a | LC-MS | Chlorophyll | 0.45 | 0.52 | 0.56 | 0.68 |
| Pheophytin | LC-MS | Chlorophyll | 1.36 | 1.27 | 0.68 | 0.96 |
| Pheophytin_a | LC-MS | Chlorophyll | 0.23 | 0.96 | 0.64 | 0.84 |
| Anthocyanins | SpPh | Flavonoid | 3.31 | 4.26 | 2.19 | 2.25 |
| Flavonoid624 | LC-MS | Flavonoid | 1.07 | 1.65 | 1.22 | 0.92 |
| Hesperidin | LC-MS | Flavonoid | 1.31 | 2.64 | 0.82 | 1.98 |
| Kaempferol578 | LC-MS | Flavonoid | 1.54 | 2.11 | 1.41 | 0.81 |
| Kaempferol594 | LC-MS | Flavonoid | 1.02 | 1.53 | 1.41 | 0.95 |
| Kaempferol740 | LC-MS | Flavonoid | 1.51 | 1.66 | 1.43 | 1.01 |
| Kaempferol756 | LC-MS | Flavonoid | 1.33 | 1.71 | 1.66 | 1.27 |
| DAG608 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.76 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 0.52 |
| DAG610 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.73 | 0.93 | 1.18 | 0.60 |
| DAG632 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.70 | 0.74 | 1.12 | 0.59 |
| DGDG932 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.40 | 0.33 | 0.71 | 0.44 |
| DGDG954 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.75 | 0.31 |
| DGDG956 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.31 | 0.35 | 0.69 | 0.42 |
| MGDG746a | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.61 | 0.40 | 0.84 | 0.26 |
| MGDG764 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.29 | 0.26 | 1.00 | 0.15 |
| MGDG792 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.21 |
| MGDG794 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.74 | 0.59 | 0.75 | 0.33 |
| PE766 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.39 | 0.34 | 1.16 | 0.18 |
| PG742 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.36 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.28 |
| PG762 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.76 | 0.50 | 1.17 | 0.52 |
| PG768 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.50 | 0.41 | 1.06 | 0.24 |
| Sulfolipid834 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.31 | 0.17 |
| Sulfolipid856 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.20 | 0.07 |
| Sulfolipid858 | LC-MS | Lipid | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.07 |
| Arabinose | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.09 | 0.88 | 1.21 | 0.92 |
| Fructose | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.34 | 1.35 | 0.81 | 1.17 |
| Fructose-6-P | GC-MS | Sugar | 2.14 | 1.95 | 1.58 | 2.23 |
| Galactose | GC-MS | Sugar | 0.91 | 1.44 | 1.50 | 0.93 |
| Galactose-6-P | GC-MS | Sugar | 2.00 | 3.65 | 1.23 | 2.35 |
| Glucose | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.02 | 1.63 | 1.14 | 1.02 |
| Glucose-6-P | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.52 | 1.97 | 1.23 | 1.12 |
| Maltose | GC-MS | Sugar | 0.72 | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.52 |
| Mannose | GC-MS | Sugar | 2.11 | 2.34 | 1.42 | 1.09 |
| Mannose-6-P | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.61 | 2.04 | 1.28 | 1.25 |
| Melibiose | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.36 | 2.06 | 2.40 | 2.23 |
| Raffinose | GC-MS | Sugar | 42.80 | 3.00 | 24.25 | 2.65 |
| Ribose | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.35 | 1.25 | 1.51 | 0.94 |
| Sucrose | GC-MS | Sugar | 1.00 | 0.83 | 0.90 | 1.02 |
| Trehalose | GC-MS | Sugar | 0.26 | 0.18 | 0.23 | 0.06 |
| Xylose | GC-MS | Sugar | 0.86 | 0.87 | 1.20 | 0.66 |
| Erythritol | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 0.97 | 0.95 | 1.49 | 1.31 |
| Glycerol | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 0.79 | 0.78 | 1.11 | 0.62 |
| Glycerol-1-P | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 3.04 | 4.26 | 3.81 | 2.57 |
| Hex2Glycerol | LC-MS | Sugar alc | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.87 |
| Maltitol | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 0.72 | 1.40 | 1.27 | 0.87 |
| myo-Inositol | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 0.20 | 1.29 | 1.40 | 0.16 |
| myo-Ino-2-P-1 | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 1.96 | 1.38 | 1.33 | 1.75 |
| Ononitol | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 0.38 | 0.65 | 1.20 | 0.56 |
| Sorbitol | GC-MS | Sugar alc | 1.68 | 1.93 | 1.40 | 1.28 |
a
Ratios in bold are statistically significant with P values less than 0.05.
b
Ratios are calculated from concentration levels measured earlier (Nikiforova et al., 2003).