Table III.

Individual metabolite responses to sulfur starvation in different plant species determined so far^a

Element/Anion/Metabolite	Organism	Response	References
Sulfur	Oilseed rape, sugar beet, rice, onion, Arabidopsis	Decreased	Lencioni et al. (1997); Thomas et al. (2000); McCallum et al. (2002); Resurreccion et al. (2002); Nikiforova et al. (2003)
Sulfate	Wheat, spinach, oilseed rape, sugar beet, tobacco, onion, Arabidopsis	Decreased	Gilbert et al. (1997); Blake-Kalff et al. (1998); Warrilow and Hawkesford (1998); Migge et al. (2000); Thomas et al. (2000, 2003); Prosser et al. (2001); Kutz et al. (2002); McCallum et al. (2002); Hirai et al. (2003)
Carbon	Onion	Unchanged	McCallum et al. (2002)
Phosphate	Arabidopsis	Unchanged	Hirai et al. (2003)
Nitrate	Wheat leaves, spinach leaves, sugar beet shoots	Increased	Gilbert et al. (1997); Prosser et al. (1997, 2001); Thomas et al. (2000)
	Spinach roots, Arabidopsis	Unchanged	Prosser et al. (2001); Hirai et al. (2003)
Arg	Spinach, sugar beet, tobacco	Increased	Prosser et al. (1997, 2001); Migge et al. (2000); Thomas et al. (2000)
	Onion	Unchanged	McCallum et al. (2002)
Gln	Barley, spinach, sugar beet, tobacco, onion	Increased	Karmoker et al. (1991); Prosser et al. (1997, 2001); Migge et al. (2000); Thomas et al. (2000); McCallum et al. (2002)
Glu	Barley roots	Decreased	Karmoker et al. (1991)
	Sugar beet shoots	Increased	Thomas et al. (2000)
	Spinach young leaves	Tend to decrease	Prosser et al. (2001)
Asn	Barley, tobacco, onion	Increased	Karmoker et al. (1991); Migge et al. (2000); McCallum et al. (2002)
Asp	Barley roots	Unchanged	Karmoker et al. (1991)
	Sugar beet roots	Increased	Thomas et al. (2000)
	Spinach young leaves	Tend to decrease	Prosser et al. (2001)
Thr	Barley, sugar beet	Increased	Karmoker et al. (1991); Thomas et al. (2000)
Ala	Barley, sugar beet	Increased	Karmoker et al. (1991); Thomas et al. (2000)
Gly	Barley, sugar beet	Increased	Karmoker et al. (1991); Thomas et al. (2000)
Met	Sugar beet	Decreased	Thomas et al. (2000)
Total thiols	Arabidopsis	Decreased	Kutz et al. (2002)
Cys	Oilseed rape, Arabidopsis	Decreased	Lencioni et al. (1997); Nikiforova et al. (2003)
	Arabidopsis	Unchanged	Hirai et al. (2003)
γ-Glu-cysteine	Oilseed rape	Decreased	Lencioni et al. (1997)
Glutathione	Spinach, oilseed rape, barley, Arabidopsis	Decreased	Lencioni et al. (1997); Blake-Kalff et al. (1998); Warrilow and Hawkesford (1998); Lappartient et al. (1999); Vidmar et al. (1999); Hirai et al. (2003); Nikiforova et al. (2003)
Ser	Barley, sugar beet, Arabidopsis	Increased	Karmoker et al. (1991); Thomas et al. (2000); Nikiforova et al. (2003)
Trp	Sugar beet shoots	Decreased	Thomas et al. (2000)
	Arabidopsis	Increased	Nikiforova et al. (2003)
OAS	Soybean, Arabidopsis	Increased	Kim et al. (1999); Awazuhara et al. (2000); Hirai et al. (2003); Nikiforova et al. (2003)
Anthocyanins	Arabidopsis	Increased	Nikiforova et al. (2003)
Glucosinolates	Oilseed rape, Arabidopsis	Decreased	Zhao et al. (1994); Blake-Kalff et al. (1998); Kutz et al. (2002)

^aReferences to earlier experiments on sulfur starvation regarding the reaction of several nitrogen-containing compounds were collected by Rabe (1990); there accumulation of Arg, Asn, Gln, citrulline, Ser, Gly, and agmatine in different plant species (excluding Arabidopsis) was reported.