Extended Data Figure 2: Admixture time estimates.

We estimate admixture times for the Core Yamnaya as a mixture of European hunter-gatherer and West Asian populations (a), for the Don Yamnaya as a mixture of Core Yamnaya and UNHG (b), for the Bulgaria-Moldova-Romania-Serbia (BMRS) Yamnaya as a mixture of Core Yamnaya and European Neolithic/Chalcolithic farmers (c), for the Corded Ware as a mixture of Core Yamnaya and Globula Amphora (d), and for Caucasus-Anatolia populations (Maikop-Armenia_C-TUR_C_BA) as a mixture of European hunter-gatherer and West Asian populations which occurred ca. 4400BCE (e). The Core Yamnaya were formed ca. 4000BCE, followed by admixture ca. 3350 BCE with UNHG and European farmers in the east and west of the Dnipro-Don region and <3000BCE in central-eastern Europe.