Figure 1: Three Eneolithic clines and their neighbors in space and time.

(a) Map with analyzed sites. (b) PCA analysis using axes formed by a set of ancient West European hunter-gatherer (WHG), Siberian, West Asian, and European farmer populations. Selected individuals relevant to this study are projected³⁷ (Methods). (c) qpAdm models fitted on individuals of the populations of the three clines. The Volga Cline is generated by admixture between Lower Volga (BPgroup) people with upriver Eastern hunter-gatherers (EHG). Populations of the Dnipro Cline have UNHG or UNHG+EHG admixture relative to the Core Yamnaya (the hunter-gatherer source along this cline is significantly variable). The Caucasus-Lower Volga Cline is generated by admixture between lower Volga people with those from the Neolithic Caucasus (Aknashen-related).