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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Nutr Biochem. 2022 Nov 18;114:109224. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109224

Table 1.

Studies documenting fructose-induced decrease in fatty acid oxidation.

Model Diet comparison Dose & duration Fatty acid oxidation Mechanism Refs
Humans Fructose or Glucose, 75g A single drink, 4h metabolic monitoring -Higher RER N/A Tappy, 1986 [76]
Humans Fructose or Glucose in a drink containing fat A single drink containing 0.75 g sugar/kg body weight and 0.5g/kg of oil -Higher RER
-Higher 13 CO2 from labeled fructose
-lower BHB		 N/A Chong, 2007 [77]
Humans Fructose drink in addition to regular diet vs. regular diet alone 25% additional calories from fructose (3.5mg/kg dose) for 6 d -Decreased lipid oxidation mg/kg/min and -BHB only in male subjects N/A Couchepin, 2008 [78]
Humans Fructose or Glucose-drinks on ad libitum diet 25% of energy requirement on normal diet containing 30% fat for 10-wk -Decreased postprandial fat oxidation and -increased carbohydrate oxidation N/A Cox, 2012 [40]
Perfused Rat Liver Fructose 25 and 45 mg fructose/100 mL of blood Decreased 14 C incorporation into CO2 and lower ketone bodies. N/A Topping 1972 [81]
Rat Liver and serum Fructose, Glucose, Glyceraldehyde, Sorbitol injection in fasted rats 1 mL of 30% fructose, glucose, glyceraldehyde, or sorbitol were injected intramuscular Decreased in ketone bodies N/A Rawat 1975 [79]
Rat Liver Fructose addition to mitochondria-supernatant system 5.56 mM fructose treatment along with 14 C labeled palmitate Decreased conversion of 14 Cpalmitate to 14 CO2 N/A Prager 1976 [80]
Rat Liver Isolated rat hepatocytes High fructose diet 67% carbohydrate (98%fructose) −8 wk of high fructose diet -Isolated hepatocytes in 25mM fructose Decreased expression of FAO genes -Reduced PPARα protein and activity
-Decreased CPT1α		 Nagai 2002 [87]
Rat Liver Fructose drink on chow diet 10% fructose in water for 2 wk Decreased β-oxidation activity nmol/min/mg Decreased PPARα and target gene CPT1α Roglans 2002 [91]
Rat Liver Fructose or glucose drink on normal diet 10% fructose or glucose in water for 14 d Decreased β-oxidation activity nmol/min/mg Decreased PPARα and CPT1α protein & mRNA Roglans 2007 [88]
Rat Liver & human hepatocytes Sucrose in rats/fructose in hepatocytes 40% sucrose diet for 10 wk/
5mM fructose in vitro		 Decreased BHB AMPD2 mediated decrease in AMPK activity Lanaspa 2012 [132]
Rat Liver Rat hepatoma cells Fructose drink on of regular diet −10% fructose drink for 14 d; Decreased β-oxidation activity -Decreased PPARα and Sirt1 Rebollo 2014 [93]
Human hepatocytes In vitro fructose, glucose and mannitol −25 mM fructose for in vitro experiments nmol/min/mg -Increased acetylation of PGC1α
Rat Liver Fructose supplementation of regular diet 20% fructose solution for 14 wk Decreased FAO gene expression DNA methylation at PPARa and CPT1A promoter regions Ohashi 2015 [90]
Mouse liver and Hepatocytes 30% Fructose or Glucose drinks on chow and HFD In vitro 25 mM fructose vs. glucose for 24 hr Decreased β-oxidation (OCR pmol/min) with 25 mM fructose Acetylation of metabolic enzymes dependent on KHK Softic 2019 [23]
Mouse liver 15% or 30% fructose in water on chow diet Wild type and KHK A/C KO mice treated for 25 wk Decreased BHB with fructose KHK KO restored BHB Ishimoto 2012 [28]