Fig. 1.

Overview of prerequisites, critical care interventions, and associated effects of critical care provision in the emergency department on patient outcomes. ¹, including training and experience in technical and non-technical skills; ², area where critically ill patients can be resuscitated, stabilized, and monitored until disposition to an ICU, non-ICU ward, or ED discharge; ³, equipment, drugs, and consumables needed for continuous patient monitoring (e.g. end-tidal carbon dioxide, invasive pressure measurement), rapid diagnostic work-up (e.g. point-of-care tests including blood gas analysis and viscoelastic tests, bedside point-of-care ultrasound), and critical care interventions (e.g. rapid sequence induction, noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, continuous infusion of vasodilators, vasopressors or inotropic agents, extracorporeal life support). ED, emergency department.