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. 2024 Apr 24;21:107. doi: 10.1186/s12974-024-03102-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Neurogranin (Nrgn) is dysregulated in PWH at the mRNA and protein levels. Representative images of postmortem frontal cortex (FC) neurons stained for Nrgn (Cy3, red) and DAPI (blue) in (A) control and (B) people with HIV-1. The images are z-projections of image stacks acquired at ×60 magnification; scale bar is 10 μm. (C) Quantification of Nrgn levels in whole frontal cortex lysates from people with HIV-1 (N = 13) in comparison with control individuals (N = 15). (D) Relative expression of Nrgn mRNA in FC brain samples from HIV-1 positive individuals (N = 49) compared to control individuals (N = 22) as assessed by RT-qPCR. (E) Quantification of Nrgn mRNA copy number in FC samples of HIV-1 positive individuals compared to control individuals. (F) Comparison of Nrgn expression across different clinical stages of HAND