Fig. 1.

Forest plot depicting TMLE-estimated ORs for primary and secondary outcomes for people with a COVID-19 diagnosis and prescription for GLP-1RA (A) and SGLT-2i (B) use compared with DPP-4i use, respectively. Single asterisk (*) indicates within 60 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test; double dagger sign (‡) indicates within 14 days after positive SARS-CoV-2 test; hash sign (#) indicates mechanical ventilation (intubation or ventilation). CI Confidence interval, DPP-4i dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, GLP-1RA glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, OR odds ratio, SGLT-2i sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, TMLE targeted maximum likelihood estimation