Fig. 1. Complexes of hopes, concerns, and corresponding governance issues associated with carbon removal.

To the left are the five archetypes of carbon removal. The pictures are those provided in information materials sent to participants. The carbon removal types are connected to hopes (in green), concerns (in orange), and themes with elements of both (in yellow). Governance rationales and activities are in blue. The arrows signify linkages between hopes, concerns and corresponding governance; the colours of the arrows correspond to the aforementioned scheme – positively, as a hope (green); negatively, as a concern (orange), both (yellow), and connections between governance (blue). The darker the colour of the boxes, the more focus groups spoke to the theme contained therein. These complexes connect to one or more of the four robust societal expectations for informing governance in the conclusion, outlined in the black blocks to the right.