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. 2024 Apr 24;15:3446. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47764-w

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© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — a Detailed schematics of the Dendritic circuit, featuring the Delay and Weight RRAM devices, a Capacitor, dedicated multiplexers (MUX) for switching between programming and reading operations, and a Threshold circuit. b Scanning Electron-Microscopy image of a Hf_xO-based RRAM device used in the Dendritic circuit. c Measurement of the Dendritic Circuit, featuring the voltage on the Capacitor (V_cap), and output (V_OUT). The input voltage pulse IN is applied at t = 0 s and is not shown in the plot. d Probability Distribution Function (PDF) of the delay measurements, with a log-normal distribution fitting curve. e Effect of the Weight RRAM on the output current I_OUT measured from the Dendritic Circuit. Higher values of conductance (conductance G₈ larger than G₄, referencing the conductance levels in f) increase the output current I_OUT. f Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of the Weight RRAM conductance values measured in a 16kb array, in different resistive states. g Breakdown of the dynamic power consumption of the dendritic circuit, showing the contributions from all the components in part (a). The highest power is attributed to the Threshold block responsible for the 66.7% of the total consumption.