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. 2024 Apr 24;15:3454. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47630-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Applications of ENT in visualized in-sensor computing analogous to physiological color change responses by a chameleon and implementing a visualized bionic reflex system. b Schematic diagram and working mechanism of an ENT device. c Chemical structures of P3HT monomer, H⁺, EMIM⁺, and TFSI⁻. d Distribution of ions for a diode device of architecture glass/ITO/P3HT/NML/ion gel, under a condition of applying electric pulse. e EIS analysis for a diode device of architecture glass/ITO/P3HT/NML/ion gel. Under electrochemical scanning, resistance changes for the diode device. f UV–Vis absorbance spectra as a function of wavelength for pristine P3HT, P3HT/Nafion (H⁺ undoped), and P3HT/Nafion (H⁺ doped) films. Insets: optical images of the change in color of the bilayer film. g Corresponding CPD of a diode device of architecture glass/ITO/ion gel/NML/P3HT using the KPFM mode after top bias of 0 (initial state), −2, −4, 2 and 4 V on the AFM tip. Scale bars, 1 μm. h CPD values extracted from the selected data line in (g).