Table 3.
Characteristics of GLP-1 receptor agonist-SGLT-2 inhibitor combination users and SGLT-2 inhibitor users after matching. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
| Characteristics | SGLT-2 inhibitor-GLP-1 receptor agonist combination users (n=8942) | SGLT-2 inhibitor users (n=8942) | Absolute standardised difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) age, years | 57.6 (10.2) | 57.5 (10.3) | 0.00 |
| Male sex | 4676 (52.3) | 4752 (53.1) | 0.02 |
| Body mass index: | |||
| 30 | 1567 (17.5) | 1628 (18.2) | 0.02 |
| ≥30 | 7296 (81.6) | 7235 (80.9) | 0.02 |
| Unknown | 79 (0.9) | 79 (0.9) | 0.00 |
| Smoking status: | |||
| Ever | 7177 (80.3) | 7149 (79.9) | 0.01 |
| Never | 1758 (19.7) | 1787 (20.0) | 0.01 |
| Unknown | 7 (0.1) | 6 (0.1) | 0.00 |
| Alcohol related disorders | 759 (8.5) | 756 (8.5) | 0.00 |
| Mean (SD) duration of GLP-1 receptor agonist use, years | 1.5 (1.4) | 1.5 (1.4) | 0.01 |
| Mean (SD) duration of diabetes, years | 10.8 (6.3) | 10.8 (6.4) | 0.00 |
| Haemoglobin A1c: | |||
| ≤7.0% | 344 (3.8) | 319 (3.6) | 0.01 |
| 7.1-8.0% | 1661 (18.6) | 1652 (18.5) | 0.00 |
| >8.0% | 6924 (77.4) | 6959 (77.8) | 0.01 |
| Unknown | 13 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 0.00 |
| Type of antihyperglycaemic drugs: | |||
| Metformin | 8099 (90.6) | 8044 (90.0) | 0.02 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 504 (5.6) | 491 (5.5) | 0.01 |
| Meglitinides | 32 (0.4) | 40 (0.4) | 0.01 |
| α glucosidase inhibitors | 13 (0.1) | 11 (0.1) | 0.01 |
| Sulfonylureas | 3845 (43.0) | 3832 (42.9) | 0.00 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 3834 (42.9) | 3820 (42.7) | 0.00 |
| Insulin | 1550 (17.3) | 1571 (17.6) | 0.01 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 913 (10.2) | 904 (10.1) | 0.00 |
| Ischaemic stroke | 351 (3.9) | 377 (4.2) | 0.01 |
| Myocardial infarction | 573 (6.4) | 545 (6.1) | 0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1464 (16.4) | 1472 (16.5) | 0.00 |
| Coronary revascularisation | 600 (6.7) | 599 (6.7) | 0.00 |
| Heart failure | 396 (4.4) | 406 (4.5) | 0.01 |
| Renal disease | 824 (9.2) | 813 (9.1) | 0.00 |
| Retinopathy | 3743 (41.9) | 3771 (42.2) | 0.01 |
| Neuropathy | 2274 (25.4) | 2277 (25.5) | 0.00 |
| Cancer | 2271 (25.4) | 2287 (25.6) | 0.00 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 482 (5.4) | 490 (5.5) | 0.00 |
| Thyroid disease | 1018 (11.4) | 1022 (11.4) | 0.00 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1104 (12.3) | 1122 (12.5) | 0.01 |
| Diuretics | 1372 (15.3) | 1360 (15.2) | 0.00 |
| β blockers | 2060 (23.0) | 2049 (22.9) | 0.00 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2690 (30.1) | 2700 (30.2) | 0.00 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 4383 (49.0) | 4445 (49.7) | 0.01 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 1677 (18.8) | 1664 (18.6) | 0.00 |
| Other antihypertensive drugs | 114 (1.3) | 115 (1.3) | 0.00 |
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 2004 (22.4) | 2059 (23.0) | 0.01 |
| Paracetamol | 2887 (32.3) | 2818 (31.5) | 0.02 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid | 1917 (21.4) | 1890 (21.1) | 0.01 |
| Other antiplatelets | 567 (6.3) | 612 (6.8) | 0.02 |
| Statins | 7383 (82.6) | 7353 (82.2) | 0.01 |
| Digoxin | 85 (1.0) | 75 (0.8) | 0.01 |
| Fibrates | 260 (2.9) | 232 (2.6) | 0.02 |
| Opioids | 166 (1.9) | 176 (2.0) | 0.01 |
| Colorectal cancer screening | 1653 (18.5) | 1675 (18.7) | 0.01 |
| Prostate specific antigen testing | 543 (6.1) | 561 (6.3) | 0.01 |
| Influenza vaccination | 143 (1.6) | 154 (1.7) | 0.01 |
| Year of study cohort entry: | |||
| 2013-15 | 707 (7.9) | 697 (7.8) | 0.00 |
| 2016-18 | 3388 (37.9) | 3381 (37.8) | 0.00 |
| 2019-21 | 4847 (54.2) | 4864 (54.4) | 0.00 |
DPP-4=dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GLP-1=glucagon-like peptide 1; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; SD=standard deviation.