Table 2.
Fat, saturated fat, total sugar, salt and energy content per 100 g by NOVA group
| Nutrient | Total (n 2980) | MPF (n 986) | PCI (n 61) | PF (n 283) | UPF (n 1650) | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | ||
| Fat (g/100 g) | 5·1 | 0·8, 13·5 | 1·5 (a) | 0·3, 6·5 | 19·1 (b) | 0·0, 98·3 | 8·4 (b) | 0·3, 16·4 | 7·4 (b) | 2·1, 15·8 | < 0·001 |
| Saturated fat (g/100 g) | 1·3 | 0·2, 4·2 | 0·3 (a) | 0·07, 1·9 | 12·0 (b) | 0·0, 32·5 | 2·7 (b) | 0·1, 5·9 | 1·9 (b) | 0·6, 5·7 | < 0·001 |
| Total sugar (g/100 g) | 3·2 | 1·1, 11·1 | 2·3 (ab) | 0·4, 5·1 | 0·0 (a) | 0·0, 2·9 | 2·5 (b) | 0·7, 9·7 | 4·2 I | 1·7, 18·9 | < 0·001 |
| Salt (g/100 g) | 0·27 | 0·05, 0·86 | 0·07 (a) | 0·01, 0·2 | 0·03 (a) | 0·0, 0·12 | 0·56 (b) | 0·11, 1·05 | 0·58 (b) | 0·18, 1·07 | < 0·001 |
| Energy (kcal/100 g) | 181·0 | 77, 320 | 94·0 (a) | 36·0, 180·3 | 378·0 (b) | 181·0, 885·0 | 178·0 (c) | 84·0, 290·0 | 243·0 (d) | 121·8, 371·0 | < 0·001 |
IQR, inter-quartile range; MPF, minimally processed food; PCI, processed culinary ingredient; PF, processed food; UPF, ultra-processed food.
Unlike letters indicate significantly different P < 0.05.
Pairwise comparisons conducted using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.